词汇表
Glossary
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词汇表
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| This glossary is designed to help the reader in two sorts of situations: (1) when encountering a Pali term in this book in a passage where it is not explained; and (2) when encountering Vinaya terminology in other books or conversations and wanting to know how it is defined and/or where it is discussed here. For terms that have entire chapters devoted to them—such as nissaya and pācittiya—see the relevant chapter. | 本词汇表旨在帮助读者应对两种情况：（1）当读者在本书段落中遇到未加解释的巴利术语时；（2）当读者在其他书籍或对话中遇到律藏术语，并希望了解其定义和/或其在本书中的哪里讨论时。对于诸如 nissaya [依止] 和 pācittiya [《波逸提》] 等有整章专门讲解的术语，请参阅相关章节。 |
| Abbhantara: a unit for measuring distance, approximately equal to 14 meters. | Abbhantara：[译注：腕尺] 一种距离单位，约等于 14 公尺。 |
| Ācariya: teacher. See Chapter 2 and Appendix X. | Ācariya：[译注：阿阇梨] 老师。参见第二章及附录十。 |
| Acittaka: a class of offenses carrying a penalty even when committed unintentionally or with incorrect perception. | Acittaka：[译注：无意识的] 某一种类的罪行，即使是无意或因非正确认知而犯下，也受到惩罚。 |
| Adhikaraṇa: issue. See Pc 63, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 12. | Adhikaraṇa：诤事。请参阅《波逸提》六三，第十一章和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十二章。 |
| Adhiṭṭhāna: determining for use. See NP 1, 3, 21, & 24 and Appendix IV. | Adhiṭṭhāna：[译注：决意] 决意使用。参见《舍堕》一、三、二一和二四以及附录四。 |
| Akkosa-vatthu: a topic for abuse. See Pc 2 & 3. | Akkosa-vatthu：[译注：akkosa + vatthu] 辱骂主题。请参阅《波逸提》二和三。 |
| Anupasampanna: anyone who has not received full Acceptance (ordination). Under some rules, this includes bhikkhunīs; under others, it doesn’t. | Anupasampanna：[译注：未具足的] 指任何尚未受完整具足戒者。在某些戒条，这包括比丘尼；在另一些戒条，不包括比丘尼。 |
| Apalokana: announcement; the simplest form for a Community transaction, in which a decision is proposed to the Community in the announcer’s own words. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Apalokana：[译注：求听] 公告；是僧团羯磨中最简单的形式，公告者以自己的语言向僧团提出一项决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十二章。 |
| Bhattuddesaka: a meal distributor—the Community official in charge of distributing meals and invitations to meals. See Pc 32, Appendix III, and BMC2, Chapter 18. | Bhattuddesaka：[译注：bhattuddesako] 餐食分配者——负责分配餐食和餐食邀请的僧团执事。参见《波逸提》三二，附录三，及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十八章。 |
| Bhikkhu: a male mendicant ordained in the Bhikkhu Saṅgha, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha and the Khandhakas (the Mahāvagga and Cullavagga). | Bhikkhu：[译注：比丘] 在比丘僧团受具足戒的男性托钵修行者，须遵守比丘《波罗提木叉》和《犍度》（《大品》和《小品》）的学处。 |
| Bhikkhunī: a female mendicant ordained by both the Bhikkhunī and the Bhikkhu Saṅghas, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha and the eight rules of respect (garu-dhamma). See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. | Bhikkhunī：[译注：比丘尼] 由比丘尼僧团和比丘僧团共同授具足戒的女性托钵修行者，须遵守比丘尼《波罗提木叉》的学处和八敬法（garu-dhamma）。参见《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第二十三章。 |
| Bhojana/Bhojaniya: staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. | Bhojana/Bhojaniya：[译注：噉食] 主食。请参阅第八章的食物品的介绍。 |
| Bhūtagāma: a living plant in its place. See Pc 11. | Bhūtagāma：[译注：bhūta + gāma] 在其原位置的活植物。参见《波逸提》十一。 |
| Bījagāma: a plant or part of a plant removed from its place but capable of growing again if replanted. See Pc 11. | Bījagāma：[译注：bīja + gāma] 指从原地移除但重新栽种后仍能再次生长的植物或植物的一部分。参见《波逸提》十一。 |
| Chanda: consent by proxy. See Pc 79. | Chanda：[译注：欲] 代理同意。参见《波逸提》七九。 |
| Deva (devatā): literally, a “shining one”—a terrestrial spirit or celestial being. | Deva（devatā）：[译注：天] 字面意思是「闪耀者」——指陆地神灵或天上众生。 |
| Dubbhāsita: wrong speech. See Pc 2. | Dubbhāsita：[译注：恶说] 错误的言语。参见 Pc 2。 |
| Dukkaṭa: wrong doing, the lightest penalty. | Dukkaṭa：[译注：恶作/突吉罗] 错误行为，最轻的惩罚。 |
| Garu-bhaṇḍa: a heavy or expensive article. Garu-bhaṇḍa belonging to the Saṅgha includes monasteries and monastery land; dwellings, land on which dwellings are built; furnishings such as beds, chairs, and mattresses; metal vessels and tools; building materials, including such things as rushes, reeds, grass, and clay; and articles made of pottery or wood. See Pr 2, Sg 6, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 7. | Garu-bhaṇḍa：[译注：garu + bhaṇḍa] 指重或昂贵的物品。僧伽所有的 Garu-bhaṇḍa 包括寺院及其土地；住处及其建造之土地；诸如床、椅、床垫等家具；金属器皿和工具；建筑材料，包含例如灯心草、芦苇、草、黏土等；以及陶器或木制品。参见《波罗夷》二、《僧残》六、《波逸提》八一、以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第七章。 |
| Garu-dhamma: any of eight rules of respect observed by bhikkhunīs. See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. | Garu-dhamma：[译注：八敬法] 比丘尼所遵守的八敬法。参见《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第二十三章。 |
| Hatthapāsa: a distance of 2 ½ cubits, or 1.25 meters. | Hatthapāsa：[译注：伸手可及， hattha + pāsa] 2 ½ 肘尺，或 1.25 公尺。 |
| Jhāna: mental absorption. See Pr 4. | Jhāna：[译注：禅定/禅那] 心意集中。参见《波罗夷》四。 |
| Kappiya-vohāra: a proper expression, i.e., a way of expressing a hint or desire allowable in the context of a rule where an outright command would be a breach of the rule. | Kappiya-vohāra：[译注：kappiya + vohāra] 一种恰当的表达方式，即在戒条的背景下，表达暗示或愿望的一种允许方式，而直接命令则会违反戒条。 |
| Kaṭhina: a ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy season, in which a Community of bhikkhus receives a gift of cloth from a donor or donors, bestows it on one of their members, and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following day. See NP 1-3, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 17. | Kaṭhina：[译注：功德衣/迦𫄨那] 在雨季第四个月举行的仪式，比丘僧团接受布施者赠予的布料，将其授予一位僧团成员，并在次日黎明[明相]前将其制成袈裟。参见《舍堕》一至三、《波逸提》八一，以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十七章。 |
| Khādaniya: non-staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. | Khādaniya：[译注：嚼食] 副食。参见第八章里食物品的引言。 |
| Lahu-bhaṇḍa: a light or inexpensive article. Lahu-bhaṇḍa of the Saṅgha includes such things as cloth, food, and medicine; and small personal accessories such as scissors, sandals, and water strainers. See Pr 2, Sg 6, and Pc 81. | Lahu-bhaṇḍa：[译注：lahu + bhaṇḍa] 指轻或非贵重之物。僧伽的 lahu-bhaṇḍa 包括诸如布料、食物、药品；以及如剪刀、凉鞋、滤水器等小型个人用品。参见《波罗夷》二、《僧残》六、以及《波逸提》八一。 |
| Leḍḍupāta: the distance a man of average height can toss a clod of dirt underarm—approximately 18 meters. | Leḍḍupāta：[译注：掷石所及所] 一个中等身高的男子手部低于肩膀抛掷一团泥土的距离——大约 18 公尺。 |
| Loka-vajja: acts criticized by people in general. See Chapter 1. | Loka-vajja：[译注：世间罪 loka + vajja] 指普遍受到人们批评的行为。参见第一章。 |
| Lokuttara-dhamma: a transcendent state. See Pr 4. | Lokuttara-dhamma：[译注：出世间法 lokuttara + dhamma] 一种超越的状态。参见《波罗夷》四。 |
| Mahāpadesa: Great Standard for deciding what is and is not in line with the Dhamma and Vinaya. See Chapter 1. | Mahāpadesa：[译注：《四大教示》/四大教法 padesa] 决定什么是或不是符合法与律的伟大标准。参见第一章。 |
| Mānatta: penance. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19 and Chapter 23. | Mānatta：[译注：摩那埵] 赎罪。参见第五章的结论以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十九章和第二十三章。 |
| Nāga: a special kind of serpent, classed as a common animal but having magical powers, including the ability to assume human appearance. Nāgas have long been regarded as protectors of the Buddha’s teachings. See BMC2, Chapter 14. | Nāga：[译注：龙] 一种特殊的蛇，被归类为普通动物，却拥有神奇的力量，包括化身为人的能力。Nāga 长期以来就被视为佛陀教法的守护者。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十四章。 |
| Ñatti-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion following a set wording. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-kamma：[译注：单白羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨的形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议的形式按照既定措辞向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十二章。 |
| Ñatti-dutiya-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and one proclamation. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-dutiya-kamma：[译注：白二羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议和一次公告的形式向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十二章。 |
| Ñatti-catuttha-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and three proclamations. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-catuttha-kamma：[译注：白四羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议和三次公告的形式向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十二章。 |
| Niyasa-kamma: demotion (also called nissaya-kamma, an act of dependence)—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu released from dependence is required to return to dependence under a mentor until he mends his ways. See Chapter 2 and BMC2, Chapter 20. | Niyasa-kamma：[译注：依止羯磨] 降级（也称为 nissaya-kamma ，意为依止行为）——一种羯磨，指已脱离依止的比丘必须重新依止于一位导师，直至其改过自新。参见第二章及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第二十章。 |
| Pabbājanīya-kamma: banishment—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu is denied membership in a particular Community until he mends his ways. See Sg 13 and BMC2, Chapter 20. | Pabbājanīya-kamma：[译注：驱出羯磨] 驱逐——一种羯磨，即拒绝一名比丘在某个特定的僧团里的成员资格，直到他改过自新为止。参见《僧残》十三和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第二十章。 |
| Pabbajjā: Going-forth—ordination as a sāmaṇera or sāmaṇerī. See BMC2, Chapters 14 and 24. | Pabbajjā：出家——受戒成为沙弥（sāmaṇera）或沙弥尼（sāmaṇerī）。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十四章和第二十四章。 |
| Paccuddharaṇa: rescinding from use. See Appendix IV. | Paccuddharaṇa：[译注：paccuddharaṇa] 撤销使用。参见附录四。 |
| Palibodha: constraint. See NP 1. | Palibodha：[译注：障碍] 约束。参见《舍堕》一。 |
| Pāna: juice drink. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8, and Pc 38. | Pāna：[译注：pāna] 果汁饮料。参见第八章的食物品的引言和《波逸提》三八。 |
| Paṇḍaka: a eunuch or person born neuter. See Sg 2. | Paṇḍaka：[译注：黄门] 阉人或生来为中性的人。参见《僧残》二。 |
| Paṇṇatti-vajja: acts criticized by the training rules. See Chapter 1. | Paṇṇatti-vajja：[译注：paṇṇatti + vajja] 受学处批评的行为。参见第一章。 |
| Parivāsa: probation. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Parivāsa：别住。参见第五章的结论以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十九章。 |
| Pavāraṇā: (1) an invitation whereby a donor gives permission to a bhikkhu or a Community of bhikkhus to ask for requisites. See Pc 47. (2) A ceremony, held at the end of the Rains-residence (see vassa), in which each bhikkhu invites the rest of the Community to confront him with any transgressions they may have seen, heard, or suspected that he has committed. See BMC2, Chapter 16. | Pavāraṇā：[译注：自恣] （1）一种邀请，布施者允许比丘或比丘僧团请求必需品。参见《波逸提》四七。（2）雨安居（参见 vassa ）结束时举行的仪式，每位比丘邀请其他僧团成员当面指出他们所见、所闻或所怀疑的任何自己所作的过犯。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十六章。 |
| Peta: (1) a hungry ghost—one of a class of beings in the lower realms, sometimes capable of appearing to human beings. (2) A corpse. | Peta：（1）饿鬼——低等域界的一种众生，有时能显现于人类面前。（2）尸体。 |
| Pubbayoga: a preliminary effort leading up to the commission of an offense. | Pubbayoga：[译注：pubba + yoga] 实施犯戒前的初步努力。 |
| Sacittaka: a class of offenses that carry a penalty only when committed intentionally and with correct perception. | Sacittaka：[译注：sa + citta] 一类只有在故意且具有正确感知的情况下违犯才会受到惩罚的罪行。 |
| Samaṇa: contemplative; monk. This word is derived from the adjective sama, which means “in tune” or “in harmony.” The samaṇas in ancient India were wanderers who tried through direct contemplation to find the true nature of reality—as opposed to the conventions taught in the Vedas—and to live in tune or in harmony with that reality. Buddhism is one of several samaṇa movements. Others included Jainism, Ājivakan fatalism, and Lokāyata, or hedonism. | Samaṇa：沙门；比丘。这个字源自于形容词 sama ，意为「协调的」或「和谐的」。古印度的沙门是游方者，他们试图透过直接冥想来探索现实的真正本质——而非吠陀经所教导的习俗——并与现实和谐共处，或者顺应现实。佛教是众多沙门运动之一。其他运动也包括耆那教、阿耆婆教（邪命外道）的宿命论以及顺世外道，或称享乐主义。 |
| Sāmaṇera: literally, a small samaṇa—a novice monk observing ten precepts. See Pc 70. | Sāmaṇera：字面意思是小沙门——指遵守十戒的沙弥。参见《波逸提》七十。 |
| Saṅgha: Community. This may refer to the entire Community of bhikkhus or of bhikkhunīs, or to the Community living in a particular location. In this book I have tried to distinguish between the two by calling the first Saṅgha, and the second Community, but there are some contexts where it is difficult to draw a clear line between the two. | Saṅgha：僧伽/僧团。可以指整个比丘或比丘尼僧团，也可以指居住在特定地点的僧团。本书中，我尝试区分二者，将前者称为僧伽，后者称为僧团，但在某些情况脉络下，二者之间的界线难以明确划分。 |
| Saṅgha-bheda: a schism in the Saṅgha. See Sg 10 & 11 and BMC2, Chapter 21 and Appendix V. | Saṅgha-bheda：[译注：破僧] 僧伽分裂。参见《僧残》十和十一以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第二十一章和附录五。 |
| Saṅgha-rāji: a crack in the Saṅgha. See Sg 10. | Saṅgha-rāji：僧不和合。参见《僧残》十。 |
| Sīmā: a territory related to the performance of Community transactions. See Pc 79 and BMC2, Chapter 13. | Sīmā：[译注：界场] 与僧团羯磨相关的结界。请参阅《波逸提》七九和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十三章。 |
| Sugata: Well-gone, an epithet for the Buddha. Sugata measures are discussed in Appendix II. | Sugata：善逝，佛陀的称号。善逝计量单位在附录二讨论。 |
| Sutta (suttanta): discourse. | Sutta（suttanta）：经。 |
| Tajjanīya-kamma: censure, a transaction whereby a Community strips a bhikkhu of some of his communal rights if he is a maker of strife; if he is defective in virtue, conduct, or views; or if he criticizes the Buddha, Dhamma, or Saṅgha. If he mends his ways, the act may be repealed. See Sg 8, Ay 1, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Tajjanīya-kamma：呵责(苦切) [译注：有些版本将 tajjanīya 拼写成 tajjaniya]，指僧团剥夺比丘部分僧团权利的羯磨，若其为纷争制造者；又或戒行、行为或观点有缺陷；又或批评佛、法、僧。若其改过自新，该处分可解除。参见《僧残》八，《不定》一，第十一章，以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十九章。 |
| Thullaccaya: grave offense, the most serious derived offense and the most serious offense not included in the Pāṭimokkha rules. See Appendix IX. | Thullaccaya：[译注：《偷兰遮》] 粗罪，最严重的衍生罪，也是《波罗提木叉》戒条中未包含的最严重罪。参见附录九。 |
| Tiracchāna-kathā: “animal talk,” topics of conversation inappropriate for bhikkhus. See Pc 46 & 85. | Tiracchāna-kathā：[译注：畜生论] 「动物谈话」，指不适合比丘谈论的话题。参见《波逸提》四六和八五。 |
| Tiracchāna-vijjā: “animal knowledge,” occult abilities or other traditional skills inappropriate for bhikkhus to study or practice. See Pr 4 and BMC2, Chapter 10. | Tiracchāna-vijjā：[译注：畜生明] 「动物知识」、神秘能力或其他不适合比丘学习或修习的传统技艺。参见《波罗夷》四和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十章。 |
| Ukkhepanīya-kamma: suspension—a transaction whereby a Community deprives a bhikkhu of his right to associate with the Saṅgha as a whole until he mends his ways. See Pc 68 & 69 and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Ukkhepanīya-kamma：[译注：举罪] [译注：有些版本将 ukkhepanīya 拼写成 ukkhepaniya]暂时停权——一种僧团剥夺比丘与僧伽整体联系在一起的权利的羯磨，直到其改过自新。参见《波逸提》六八和六九以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十九章。 |
| Upajjhāya: preceptor (literally, “supervisor” or “overseer”). See Chapter 2, Appendix X, and BMC2, Chapter 14. | Upajjhāya：戒师 [译注：古汉译为和尚或亲教师]（字面意思是「监督者」或「督导者」）。参见第二章、附录十和《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十四章。 |
| Upasampadā: Full Acceptance—ordination as a bhikkhu or bhikkhunī. See BMC2, Chapter 14. | Upasampadā：[译注：具足] 完全接受——受具足戒成为比丘或比丘尼。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十四章。 |
| Uposatha: Observance day, the day of the new and of the full moon; traditionally, in India, a time of special spiritual practices. The Buddha adopted this as the day for reciting the Pāṭimokkha. See BMC2, Chapter 15. | Uposatha：[译注：布萨] 持斋戒日，即新月与满月之日；在印度传统上，这是进行特殊灵性修行的日子。佛陀将此日定为诵《波罗提木叉》的日子。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十五章。 |
| Vassa: Rains-residence—a three-month period, generally beginning the day after the full moon in July (or the second, if there are two), during which certain restrictions are placed on the bhikkhus’ wanderings; usually considered a time to accelerate one’s efforts in study or practice. See BMC2, Chapter 11. | Vassa：雨安居——为期三个月，通常从七月满月后的次日开始（如果七月有两个满月，则从第二个满月后的次日开始），在此期间，比丘们的游方受到一定的限制；通常被认为是加速努力学习或修行的时期。参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十一章。 |
| Vikappana: an arrangement whereby an item not in use is placed under shared ownership. See NP 1, Pc 59, and Appendix V. | Vikappana：[译注：说净，北传汉译律藏为说净、净施、作净、分别等语译之] 一种将未使用物品置于共享所有权下的安排。参见《舍堕》一、《波逸提》五九和附录五。 |
| Vissāsa: trust between friends. See Pr 2 and Pc 59. | Vissāsa：[译注：亲厚] 朋友之间的信任。参见《波罗夷》二和《波逸提》五九。 |
| Yakkha: one of a class of powerful “non-human” beings—sometimes kindly, sometimes murderous and cruel—corresponding roughly to the fairies and ogres of Western fairy tales. The female (yakkhinī) is generally considered more treacherous than the male. | Yakkha：[译注：夜叉] 一类强大的「非人」众生——有时仁慈，有时残暴嗜杀——大致相当于西方童话故事中的仙女和食人魔。雌性（yakkhinī）通常被认为比雄性更奸诈。 |
| Yojana: a distance of approximately ten miles or sixteen kilometers. | Yojana：[译注：由旬] 大约十英里或十六公里的距离。 |