词汇表

Glossary	词汇表
This glossary is designed to help the reader in two sorts of situations: (1) when encountering a Pali term in this book in a passage where it is not explained; and (2) when encountering Vinaya terminology in other books or conversations and wanting to know how it is defined and/or where it is discussed here. For terms that have entire chapters devoted to them—such as nissaya and pācittiya—see the relevant chapter.	本词汇表旨在帮助读者应对两种情况：（1）当读者在本书段落中遇到未加解释的巴利术语时；（2）当读者在其他书籍或对话中遇到律藏术语，并希望了解其定义和/或其在本书中的哪里讨论时。对于诸如 nissaya [依止] 和 pācittiya [《波逸提》] 等有整章专门讲解的术语，请参阅相关章节。
Abbhantara: a unit for measuring distance, approximately equal to 14 meters.	Abbhantara：[译注：腕尺] 一种距离单位，约等于 14 公尺。
Ācariya: teacher. See Chapter 2 and Appendix X.	Ācariya：[译注：阿阇梨] 老师。参见第二章及附录十。
Acittaka: a class of offenses carrying a penalty even when committed unintentionally or with incorrect perception.	Acittaka：[译注：无意识的] 某一种类的罪行，即使是无意或因非正确认知而犯下，也受到惩罚。
Adhikaraṇa: issue. See Pc 63, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 12.	Adhikaraṇa：诤事。请参阅《波逸提》六三，第十一章和《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十二章。
Adhiṭṭhāna: determining for use. See NP 1, 3, 21, & 24 and Appendix IV.	Adhiṭṭhāna：[译注：决意] 决意使用。参见《舍堕》一、三、二一和二四以及附录四。
Akkosa-vatthu: a topic for abuse. See Pc 2 & 3.	Akkosa-vatthu：[译注：akkosa + vatthu] 辱骂主题。请参阅《波逸提》二和三。
Anupasampanna: anyone who has not received full Acceptance (ordination). Under some rules, this includes bhikkhunīs; under others, it doesn’t.	Anupasampanna：[译注：未具足的] 指任何尚未受完整具足戒者。在某些戒条，这包括比丘尼；在另一些戒条，不包括比丘尼。
Apalokana: announcement; the simplest form for a Community transaction, in which a decision is proposed to the Community in the announcer’s own words. See BMC2, Chapter 12.	Apalokana：[译注：求听] 公告；是僧团羯磨中最简单的形式，公告者以自己的语言向僧团提出一项决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十二章。
Bhattuddesaka: a meal distributor—the Community official in charge of distributing meals and invitations to meals. See Pc 32, Appendix III, and BMC2, Chapter 18.	Bhattuddesaka：[译注：bhattuddesako] 餐食分配者——负责分配餐食和餐食邀请的僧团执事。参见《波逸提》三二，附录三，及《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十八章。
Bhikkhu: a male mendicant ordained in the Bhikkhu Saṅgha, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha and the Khandhakas (the Mahāvagga and Cullavagga).	Bhikkhu：[译注：比丘] 在比丘僧团受具足戒的男性托钵修行者，须遵守比丘《波罗提木叉》和《犍度》（《大品》和《小品》）的学处。
Bhikkhunī: a female mendicant ordained by both the Bhikkhunī and the Bhikkhu Saṅghas, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha and the eight rules of respect (garu-dhamma). See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23.	Bhikkhunī：[译注：比丘尼] 由比丘尼僧团和比丘僧团共同授具足戒的女性托钵修行者，须遵守比丘尼《波罗提木叉》的学处和八敬法（garu-dhamma）。参见《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第二十三章。

Bhojana/Bhojaniya: staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8.	Bhojana/Bhojaniya：[译注：噉食] 主食。请参阅第八章的食物品的介绍。
Bhūtagāma: a living plant in its place. See Pc 11.	Bhūtagāma：[译注：bhūta + gāma] 在其原位置的活植物。参见《波逸提》十一。
Bījagāma: a plant or part of a plant removed from its place but capable of growing again if replanted. See Pc 11.	Bījagāma：[译注：bīja + gāma] 指从原地移除但重新栽种后仍能再次生长的植物或植物的一部分。参见《波逸提》十一。
Chanda: consent by proxy. See Pc 79.	Chanda：[译注：欲] 代理同意。参见《波逸提》七九。
Deva (devatā): literally, a “shining one”—a terrestrial spirit or celestial being.	Deva（devatā）：[译注：天] 字面意思是「闪耀者」——指陆地神灵或天上众生。
Dubbhāsita: wrong speech. See Pc 2.	Dubbhāsita：[译注：恶说] 错误的言语。参见 Pc 2。
Dukkaṭa: wrong doing, the lightest penalty.	Dukkaṭa：[译注：恶作/突吉罗] 错误行为，最轻的惩罚。
Garu-bhaṇḍa: a heavy or expensive article. Garu-bhaṇḍa belonging to the Saṅgha includes monasteries and monastery land; dwellings, land on which dwellings are built; furnishings such as beds, chairs, and mattresses; metal vessels and tools; building materials, including such things as rushes, reeds, grass, and clay; and articles made of pottery or wood. See Pr 2, Sg 6, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 7.	Garu-bhaṇḍa：[译注：garu + bhaṇḍa] 指重或昂贵的物品。僧伽所有的 Garu-bhaṇḍa 包括寺院及其土地；住处及其建造之土地；诸如床、椅、床垫等家具；金属器皿和工具；建筑材料，包含例如灯心草、芦苇、草、黏土等；以及陶器或木制品。参见《波罗夷》二、《僧残》六、《波逸提》八一、以及《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第七章。
Garu-dhamma: any of eight rules of respect observed by bhikkhunīs. See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23.	Garu-dhamma：[译注：八敬法] 比丘尼所遵守的八敬法。参见《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第二十三章。
Hatthapāsa: a distance of 2 ½ cubits, or 1.25 meters.	Hatthapāsa：[译注：伸手可及， hattha + pāsa] 2 ½ 肘尺，或 1.25 公尺。
Jhāna: mental absorption. See Pr 4.	Jhāna：[译注：禅定/禅那] 心意集中。参见《波罗夷》四。
Kappiya-vohāra: a proper expression, i.e., a way of expressing a hint or desire allowable in the context of a rule where an outright command would be a breach of the rule.	Kappiya-vohāra：[译注：kappiya + vohāra] 一种恰当的表达方式，即在戒条的背景下，表达暗示或愿望的一种允许方式，而直接命令则会违反戒条。

Kaṭhina: a ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy season, in which a Community of bhikkhus receives a gift of cloth from a donor or donors, bestows it on one of their members, and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following day. See NP 1-3, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 17.	Kaṭhina：[译注：功德衣/迦𫄨那] 在雨季第四个月举行的仪式，比丘僧团接受布施者赠予的布料，将其授予一位僧团成员，并在次日黎明[明相]前将其制成袈裟。参见《舍堕》一至三、《波逸提》八一，以及《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十七章。
Khādaniya: non-staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8.	Khādaniya：[译注：嚼食] 副食。参见第八章里食物品的引言。
Lahu-bhaṇḍa: a light or inexpensive article. Lahu-bhaṇḍa of the Saṅgha includes such things as cloth, food, and medicine; and small personal accessories such as scissors, sandals, and water strainers. See Pr 2, Sg 6, and Pc 81.	Lahu-bhaṇḍa：[译注：lahu + bhaṇḍa] 指轻或非贵重之物。僧伽的 lahu-bhaṇḍa 包括诸如布料、食物、药品；以及如剪刀、凉鞋、滤水器等小型个人用品。参见《波罗夷》二、《僧残》六、以及《波逸提》八一。
Leḍḍupāta: the distance a man of average height can toss a clod of dirt underarm—approximately 18 meters.	Leḍḍupāta：[译注：掷石所及所] 一个中等身高的男子手部低于肩膀抛掷一团泥土的距离——大约 18 公尺。
Loka-vajja: acts criticized by people in general. See Chapter 1.	Loka-vajja：[译注：世间罪 loka + vajja] 指普遍受到人们批评的行为。参见第一章。
Lokuttara-dhamma: a transcendent state. See Pr 4.	Lokuttara-dhamma：[译注：出世间法 lokuttara + dhamma] 一种超越的状态。参见《波罗夷》四。
Mahāpadesa: Great Standard for deciding what is and is not in line with the Dhamma and Vinaya. See Chapter 1.	Mahāpadesa：[译注：《四大教示》/四大教法 padesa] 决定什么是或不是符合法与律的伟大标准。参见第一章。
Mānatta: penance. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19 and Chapter 23.	Mānatta：[译注：摩那埵] 赎罪。参见第五章的结论以及《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十九章和第二十三章。

Nāga: a special kind of serpent, classed as a common animal but having magical powers, including the ability to assume human appearance. Nāgas have long been regarded as protectors of the Buddha’s teachings. See BMC2, Chapter 14.	Nāga：[译注：龙] 一种特殊的蛇，被归类为普通动物，却拥有神奇的力量，包括化身为人的能力。Nāga 长期以来就被视为佛陀教法的守护者。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十四章。
Ñatti-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion following a set wording. See BMC2, Chapter 12.	Ñatti-kamma：[译注：单白羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨的形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议的形式按照既定措辞向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十二章。
Ñatti-dutiya-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and one proclamation. See BMC2, Chapter 12.	Ñatti-dutiya-kamma：[译注：白二羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议和一次公告的形式向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十二章。
Ñatti-catuttha-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and three proclamations. See BMC2, Chapter 12.	Ñatti-catuttha-kamma：[译注：白四羯磨] 一种僧团羯磨形式，在此形式中，透过一次动议和三次公告的形式向僧团提交决定。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十二章。
Niyasa-kamma: demotion (also called nissaya-kamma, an act of dependence)—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu released from dependence is required to return to dependence under a mentor until he mends his ways. See Chapter 2 and BMC2, Chapter 20.	Niyasa-kamma：[译注：依止羯磨] 降级（也称为 nissaya-kamma ，意为依止行为）——一种羯磨，指已脱离依止的比丘必须重新依止于一位导师，直至其改过自新。参见第二章及《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第二十章。
Pabbājanīya-kamma: banishment—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu is denied membership in a particular Community until he mends his ways. See Sg 13 and BMC2, Chapter 20.	Pabbājanīya-kamma：[译注：驱出羯磨] 驱逐——一种羯磨，即拒绝一名比丘在某个特定的僧团里的成员资格，直到他改过自新为止。参见《僧残》十三和《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第二十章。
Pabbajjā: Going-forth—ordination as a sāmaṇera or sāmaṇerī. See BMC2, Chapters 14 and 24.	Pabbajjā：出家——受戒成为沙弥（sāmaṇera）或沙弥尼（sāmaṇerī）。参见《佛教比丘戒律第二册》第十四章和第二十四章。

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