詞彙表

Glossary
詞彙表
This glossary is designed to help the reader in two sorts of situations: (1) when encountering a Pali term in this book in a passage where it is not explained; and (2) when encountering Vinaya terminology in other books or conversations and wanting to know how it is defined and/or where it is discussed here. For terms that have entire chapters devoted to them—such as nissaya and pācittiya—see the relevant chapter. 本詞彙表旨在幫助讀者應對兩種情況：（1）當讀者在本書段落中遇到未加解釋的巴利術語時；（2）當讀者在其他書籍或對話中遇到律藏術語，並希望了解其定義和/或其在本書中的哪裡討論時。對於諸如 nissaya [依止] 和 pācittiya [《波逸提》] 等有整章專門講解的術語，請參閱相關章節。
Abbhantara: a unit for measuring distance, approximately equal to 14 meters. Abbhantara：[譯註：腕尺] 一種距離單位，約等於 14 公尺。
Ācariya: teacher. See Chapter 2 and Appendix X. Ācariya：[譯註：阿闍梨] 老師。參見第二章及附錄十。
Acittaka: a class of offenses carrying a penalty even when committed unintentionally or with incorrect perception. Acittaka：[譯註：無意識的] 某一種類的罪行，即使是無意或因非正確認知而犯下，也受到懲罰。
Adhikaraṇa: issue. See Pc 63, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 12. Adhikaraṇa：諍事。請參閱《波逸提》六三，第十一章和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。
Adhiṭṭhāna: determining for use. See NP 1, 3, 21, & 24 and Appendix IV. Adhiṭṭhāna：[譯註：決意] 決意使用。參見《捨墮》一、三、二一和二四以及附錄四。
Akkosa-vatthu: a topic for abuse. See Pc 2 & 3. Akkosa-vatthu：[譯註：akkosa + vatthu] 辱罵主題。請參閱《波逸提》二和三。
Anupasampanna: anyone who has not received full Acceptance (ordination). Under some rules, this includes bhikkhunīs; under others, it doesn’t. Anupasampanna：[譯註：未具足的] 指任何尚未受完整具足戒者。在某些戒條，這包括比丘尼；在另一些戒條，不包括比丘尼。
Apalokana: announcement; the simplest form for a Community transaction, in which a decision is proposed to the Community in the announcer’s own words. See BMC2, Chapter 12. Apalokana：[譯註：求聽] 公告；是僧團羯磨中最簡單的形式，公告者以自己的語言向僧團提出一項決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。
Bhattuddesaka: a meal distributor—the Community official in charge of distributing meals and invitations to meals. See Pc 32, Appendix III, and BMC2, Chapter 18. Bhattuddesaka：[譯註：bhattuddesako] 餐食分配者——負責分配餐食和餐食邀請的僧團執事。參見《波逸提》三二，附錄三，及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十八章。
Bhikkhu: a male mendicant ordained in the Bhikkhu Saṅgha, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha and the Khandhakas (the Mahāvagga and Cullavagga). Bhikkhu：[譯註：比丘] 在比丘僧團受具足戒的男性托缽修行者，須遵守比丘《波羅提木叉》和《犍度》（《大品》和《小品》）的學處。
Bhikkhunī: a female mendicant ordained by both the Bhikkhunī and the Bhikkhu Saṅghas, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha and the eight rules of respect (garu-dhamma). See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. Bhikkhunī：[譯註：比丘尼] 由比丘尼僧團和比丘僧團共同授具足戒的女性托缽修行者，須遵守比丘尼《波羅提木叉》的學處和八敬法（garu-dhamma）。參見《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十三章。
Bhojana/Bhojaniya: staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. Bhojana/Bhojaniya：[譯註：噉食] 主食。請參閱第八章的食物品的介紹。
Bhūtagāma: a living plant in its place. See Pc 11. Bhūtagāma：[譯註：bhūta + gāma] 在其原位置的活植物。參見《波逸提》十一。
Bījagāma: a plant or part of a plant removed from its place but capable of growing again if replanted. See Pc 11. Bījagāma：[譯註：bīja + gāma] 指從原地移除但重新栽種後仍能再次生長的植物或植物的一部分。參見《波逸提》十一。
Chanda: consent by proxy. See Pc 79. Chanda：[譯註：欲] 代理同意。參見《波逸提》七九。
Deva (devatā): literally, a “shining one”—a terrestrial spirit or celestial being. Deva（devatā）：[譯註：天] 字面意思是「閃耀者」——指陸地神靈或天上眾生。
Dubbhāsita: wrong speech. See Pc 2. Dubbhāsita：[譯註：惡說] 錯誤的言語。參見 Pc 2。
Dukkaṭa: wrong doing, the lightest penalty. Dukkaṭa：[譯註：惡作/突吉羅] 錯誤行為，最輕的懲罰。
Garu-bhaṇḍa: a heavy or expensive article. Garu-bhaṇḍa belonging to the Saṅgha includes monasteries and monastery land; dwellings, land on which dwellings are built; furnishings such as beds, chairs, and mattresses; metal vessels and tools; building materials, including such things as rushes, reeds, grass, and clay; and articles made of pottery or wood. See Pr 2, Sg 6, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 7. Garu-bhaṇḍa：[譯註：garu + bhaṇḍa] 指重或昂貴的物品。僧伽所有的 Garu-bhaṇḍa 包括寺院及其土地；住處及其建造之土地；諸如床、椅、床墊等家具；金屬器皿和工具；建築材料，包含例如燈心草、蘆葦、草、黏土等；以及陶器或木製品。參見《波羅夷》二、《僧殘》六、《波逸提》八一、以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第七章。
Garu-dhamma: any of eight rules of respect observed by bhikkhunīs. See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. Garu-dhamma：[譯註：八敬法] 比丘尼所遵守的八敬法。參見《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十三章。
Hatthapāsa: a distance of 2 ½ cubits, or 1.25 meters. Hatthapāsa：[譯註：伸手可及， hattha + pāsa] 2 ½ 肘尺，或 1.25 公尺。
Jhāna: mental absorption. See Pr 4. Jhāna：[譯註：禪定/禪那] 心意集中。參見《波羅夷》四。
Kappiya-vohāra: a proper expression, i.e., a way of expressing a hint or desire allowable in the context of a rule where an outright command would be a breach of the rule. Kappiya-vohāra：[譯註：kappiya + vohāra] 一種恰當的表達方式，即在戒條的背景下，表達暗示或願望的一種允許方式，而直接命令則會違反戒條。
Kaṭhina: a ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy season, in which a Community of bhikkhus receives a gift of cloth from a donor or donors, bestows it on one of their members, and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following day. See NP 1-3, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 17. Kaṭhina：[譯註：功德衣/迦絺那] 在雨季第四個月舉行的儀式，比丘僧團接受布施者贈予的布料，將其授予一位僧團成員，並在次日黎明[明相]前將其製成袈裟。參見《捨墮》一至三、《波逸提》八一，以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十七章。
Khādaniya: non-staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. Khādaniya：[譯註：嚼食] 副食。參見第八章裡食物品的引言。
Lahu-bhaṇḍa: a light or inexpensive article. Lahu-bhaṇḍa of the Saṅgha includes such things as cloth, food, and medicine; and small personal accessories such as scissors, sandals, and water strainers. See Pr 2, Sg 6, and Pc 81. Lahu-bhaṇḍa：[譯註：lahu + bhaṇḍa] 指輕或非貴重之物。僧伽的 lahu-bhaṇḍa 包括諸如布料、食物、藥品；以及如剪刀、涼鞋、濾水器等小型個人用品。參見《波羅夷》二、《僧殘》六、以及《波逸提》八一。
Leḍḍupāta: the distance a man of average height can toss a clod of dirt underarm—approximately 18 meters. Leḍḍupāta：[譯註：擲石所及所] 一個中等身高的男子手部低於肩膀拋擲一團泥土的距離——大約 18 公尺。
Loka-vajja: acts criticized by people in general. See Chapter 1. Loka-vajja：[譯註：世間罪 loka + vajja] 指普遍受到人們批評的行為。參見第一章。
Lokuttara-dhamma: a transcendent state. See Pr 4. Lokuttara-dhamma：[譯註：出世間法 lokuttara + dhamma] 一種超越的狀態。參見《波羅夷》四。
Mahāpadesa: Great Standard for deciding what is and is not in line with the Dhamma and Vinaya. See Chapter 1. Mahāpadesa：[譯註：《四大教示》/四大教法 padesa] 決定什麼是或不是符合法與律的偉大標準。參見第一章。
Mānatta: penance. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19 and Chapter 23. Mānatta：[譯註：摩那埵] 贖罪。參見第五章的結論以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十九章和第二十三章。
Nāga: a special kind of serpent, classed as a common animal but having magical powers, including the ability to assume human appearance. Nāgas have long been regarded as protectors of the Buddha’s teachings. See BMC2, Chapter 14. Nāga：[譯註：龍] 一種特殊的蛇，被歸類為普通動物，卻擁有神奇的力量，包括化身為人的能力。Nāga 長期以來就被視為佛陀教法的守護者。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章。
Ñatti-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion following a set wording. See BMC2, Chapter 12. Ñatti-kamma：[譯註：單白羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨的形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議的形式按照既定措辭向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。
Ñatti-dutiya-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and one proclamation. See BMC2, Chapter 12. Ñatti-dutiya-kamma：[譯註：白二羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議和一次公告的形式向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。
Ñatti-catuttha-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and three proclamations. See BMC2, Chapter 12. Ñatti-catuttha-kamma：[譯註：白四羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議和三次公告的形式向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。
Niyasa-kamma: demotion (also called nissaya-kamma, an act of dependence)—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu released from dependence is required to return to dependence under a mentor until he mends his ways. See Chapter 2 and BMC2, Chapter 20. Niyasa-kamma：[譯註：依止羯磨] 降級（也稱為 nissaya-kamma ，意為依止行為）——一種羯磨，指已脫離依止的比丘必須重新依止於一位導師，直至其改過自新。參見第二章及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十章。
Pabbājanīya-kamma: banishment—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu is denied membership in a particular Community until he mends his ways. See Sg 13 and BMC2, Chapter 20. Pabbājanīya-kamma：[譯註：驅出羯磨] 驅逐——一種羯磨，即拒絕一名比丘在某個特定的僧團裡的成員資格，直到他改過自新為止。參見《僧殘》十三和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十章。
Pabbajjā: Going-forth—ordination as a sāmaṇera or sāmaṇerī. See BMC2, Chapters 14 and 24. Pabbajjā：出家——受戒成為沙彌（sāmaṇera）或沙彌尼（sāmaṇerī）。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章和第二十四章。

(未完待續)