附录
CHAPTER TWELVE |
第十二章 |
| Appendices | 附录 |
I. Controversial points: Dawn and dawnrise |
一、争议点：明相及明相出 |
| In a number of rules where the boundary between two days is the line between an offense and a non-offense, the Vibhaṅga in some cases defines that boundary as dawn (aruṇa) and in others as dawnrise (aruṇuggamana). Dawnrise is the boundary for NP 1, 3, 21, 24, & 29; and for Pc 37 & 85. In the case of the NP rules, an item kept until dawnrise after the allowed number of days has to be forfeited. In the case of the Pc rules, dawnrise marks the end of the “wrong time” and the beginning of the “right time” for the activities discussed in those rules. The boundary for Pc 5 & 49, however, is dawn. If, under the situations covered by these rules, one gets up or leaves before dawn (purāruṇā), the night ending in that dawn doesn’t count toward the offense. The Vibhaṅga to NP 2 refers to both dawn and dawnrise in analyzing the offense under that rule: As with the other NP rules, a robe kept until dawnrise is to be forfeited. If, however, the robe is abandoned, etc., anto aruṇe—which can either mean “before dawn” (just as anto pātarāse means “before the morning meal”) or “during dawn” (just as anto māse under NP 3 means “within the month”)—there is no offense. | 在一些戒条中，两日之间的界限是区分犯戒与不犯戒的分界线，《经分别》有时将该界限定义为明相（黎明）（aruṇa），有时定义为明相出（黎明升起）（aruṇuggamana）。明相出（黎明升起）是《舍堕》一、三、二一、二四和二九；以及《波逸提》三七和八五的界限。在《舍堕》戒条中，物品若在允许的天数之后仍保留至明相出（黎明升起），则必须舍出。在《波逸提》戒条中，明相出（黎明升起）标志著这些戒条中所讨论活动的「非时（错误时间）」的结束和「时（正确时间）」的开始。然而，《波逸提》五和四九 的界限是明相（黎明）。如果在这些戒条涵盖的情况下，在明相（黎明）之前（purāruṇā）起床或离开，则在该明相（黎明）结束的夜晚不计入犯戒。《舍堕》二的《经分别》在分析该戒条下的违犯时，同时提及了明相（黎明）和明相出（黎明升起）：与其他《舍堕》戒条一样，保留至明相出（黎明升起）的袈裟应被舍出。然而，如果袈裟被放弃等等，在 anto aruṇe （既可指「明相（黎明）之前」，如同 anto pātarāse 指「早上餐食之前」，也可指「明相（黎明）时分」，如同《舍堕》三中的 anto māse 指「当月之内」），则不构成犯戒。 |
| The Vibhaṅga treats these various terms casually, offering no definition of when dawn and dawnrise take place, or of how the two are related. The Commentary and Sub-commentary also treat them casually, passing over the terms as “obvious.” | 《经分别》对这些用语的处理方式十分随意，既没有定义明相（黎明）和明相出（黎明升起）的时间，也没有解释二者之间的关系。《义注》和《复注》也同样如此，将这些术语视为「显而易见」而略过。 |
| In later centuries, however, there was an effort to make these terms more precise. The Khuddakasikkhā—a Vinaya manual written by Ven. Dhammasiri, a Sinhalese monk, in the 11th or 12th century—states that the sky lightens in four stages before sunrise (measuring in Sinhalese hours, of which there are 60 in one period of day and night): a slight reddening 4 Sinhalese hours (= 1 hour and 36 minutes) before sunrise; a slight whitening 3 Sinhalese hours (= 1 hour and 12 minutes) before sunrise; a second reddening 2 Sinhalese hours (= 48 minutes) before sunrise; and a second whitening 1 Sinhalese hour (= 24 minutes) before sunrise. | 然而，在之后几个世纪里，人们努力使这些术语更加精确。《Khuddakasikkhā》——一部由僧伽罗比丘 Dhammasiri 尊者于11或12世纪撰写的律藏手册——指出，日出前天空会经历四阶段的变亮（以僧伽罗时为单位，一日一夜共有 60 个僧伽罗时）：日出前4个僧伽罗时（= 1小时36分钟）略微泛红；日出前3个僧伽罗时（= 1小时12分钟）略微泛白；日出前2个僧伽罗时（= 48分钟）再次泛红；日出前1个僧伽罗时（= 24分钟）再次泛白。 |
| Some Communities in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Thailand follow this analysis, differing among themselves only as to which of the four stages constitutes dawnrise. Some count the first reddening, when aside from the faint light on the horizon, the sky is still dark. However, as mentioned in the discussion under NP 1, a sub-commentary entitled the Vinayālaṅkāra counts the last whitening, and there is good Canonical reason to follow its definition. | 缅甸、斯里兰卡和泰国的一些僧团遵循这种分析，彼此之间的差异仅在于对四个阶段中哪一个才算明相出（黎明升起）。有些采取最初泛红，此时除了地平线上微弱的光线外，天空仍然漆黑一片。然而，正如《舍堕》一下的讨论中所述，名为《Vinayālaṅkāra》的子注释采取最后泛白，而且遵循其定义也有充分的《圣典》依据。 |
| Pc 37 & 38, taken together, require that a bhikkhu not accept alms before dawn. If he did go for alms before dawn, he would not be able to eat any of the food he accepted at that time, as Pc 37 forbids him from eating before dawnrise, and Pc 38 forbids him from eating food received on a previous day. A passage in MN 66 states specifically that once the rules were established, one of their benefits was that they prevented bhikkhus from going for alms in the dark. This suggests that in the time of the Canon, the first faint light on the horizon did not count as dawnrise. The passage runs as follows: | 《波逸提》三七和三八合在一起，规定比丘不得在明相（黎明）前托钵。如果他真的在明相（黎明）前托钵，就不能食用当时所接受的任何食物，因为《波逸提》三七禁止他在明相出（黎明升起）前进食，而《波逸提》三八禁止他食用前一天所接受的食物。《中部》66经中有一段经文明确指出，这些戒条确立之后，其益处之一便是防止比丘在黑暗中托钵。这表明，在《圣典》所在的时期，地平线上的第一道微光并不被算是明相出（黎明升起）。该段经文如下： |
“[Ven. Udāyin—apparently the good Udāyin, not the lax Udāyin of the first five saṅghādisesas—is addressing the Buddha:] ‘It used to be, venerable sir, that we ate in the evening, in the morning, and in the wrong time [the afternoon]. Then there was the time when the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus, saying, “Bhikkhus, please discontinue that daytime meal at the wrong time.” For just a day I was upset, for just a day I was sad, [thinking,] “The exquisite staple and non-staple foods that faithful householders give us during the day at the wrong time: The Blessed One has us abandon them! The Sugata has us relinquish them!” But, considering our love & respect & shame & compunction around the Blessed One, we abandoned that daytime meal at the wrong time and ate (only) in the evening and in the morning.
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「[优陀夷尊者——显然是那位良好的优陀夷，而非前五《僧残》那位放荡不羁的优陀夷——正在对佛陀说：]『大德，过去我们晚上、早上，甚至在非时（下午）进食。后来世尊对比丘们说：『比丘们，请停止在非时的日间餐食。』我只难过了一天，我只伤心了一天，[心想：]『那些有敬信的居士们在日间非时给我们提供的精致主食和副食：世尊让我们放弃它们！善逝让我们舍弃它们！』「但是，考虑到我们对世尊的爱戴、尊敬、惭和愧，我们舍弃在非时的日间餐食，只在晚上和早上进食。
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“‘Then there was the time when the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus, saying, “Bhikkhus, please discontinue that evening meal at the wrong time.” For just a day I was upset, for just a day I was sad, [thinking,] “The more exquisitely prepared of our two meals: Even that the Blessed One has us abandon! Even that the Sugata has us relinquish!” It has happened, venerable sir, that a man—obtaining some soup during the day—has told his wife, “Put this aside and we’ll all eat it together in the evening.” [Almost] all food preparation is done at night, venerable sir, and almost none during the day. But, considering our love & respect & shame & compunction around the Blessed One, we abandoned that evening meal.
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「『然后，有一次，世尊对比丘们说：『比丘们，请停止在非时的晚上餐食。』我只难过了一天，我只伤心了一天，[心想：]『我们两餐中较精心准备的餐食，世尊竟让我们放弃！善逝竟让我们舍弃！』大德，曾有这样的事：有男人白天获得了些汤，便对妻子说：『先放一放，我们晚上一起吃。』大德，[几乎]所有的食物都是在晚上准备的，白天几乎没有。但是，考虑到我们对世尊的爱戴、尊敬、惭和愧，我们舍弃晚上的餐食。
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“‘It has happened that bhikkhus going for alms in the pitch black of night have walked into a waste-water hole, fallen into a cesspit, stumbled over a thorny hedge, stumbled over a sleeping cow. They have encountered young hooligans on the way to or from a crime. They have been propositioned by women. Once I went for alms in the pitch black of night. A woman washing a pot saw me by a lightning flash and, on seeing me, screamed out: “I’m done for! A demon is after me!”
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「『比丘们在漆黑的夜晚托钵时，曾误入废水坑，跌入粪池，被带刺的树篱绊倒，被睡著的牛绊倒。他们曾经遇过正在前往或离开犯罪现场的年轻流氓。他们还曾被女人提议发生性关系。有一次，我在漆黑的夜晚去托钵。一道闪电划过，一个正在洗锅子的女人看见了我，惊叫道：「我完了！有恶魔在追我！」
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“‘When this was said, I said to her, “I’m no demon, sister. I’m a bhikkhu waiting for alms.”
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「『听到这话，我对她说：「姐妹，我不是魔鬼，我是个站著乞食的比丘。」
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“‘“Well then you’re a bhikkhu whose mommy’s dead and daddy’s dead. It would be better for you, bhikkhu, that your belly be slit open with a sharp butcher’s knife than this prowling around for alms for your belly’s sake in the pitch black of night!”
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「愿你是个父母双亡的比丘。比丘，被用锋利的屠刀剖开肚子，也比在漆黑的夜晚四处乞讨只为了填饱肚子来得好！”
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“‘On recollecting this, venerable sir, the thought occurred to me: “So many painful things has the Blessed One taken away from us! So many pleasant things has he brought us! So many unskillful qualities has the Blessed One taken away from us! So many skillful qualities has he brought us!”’”
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「『大德，回想起此事，我心中想到：「世尊为我们除去了那么多痛苦！为我们带来了那么多快乐！世尊为我们除去了那么多不善法！为我们带来了那么多善法！』」
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| This shows clearly that once the rules were in effect, bhikkhus were saved from the dangers of going for alms in the dark. It further suggests that dawnrise can be no earlier than the point recognized by the Vinayālaṅkāra. | 这清楚地表明，一旦这些戒条生效，比丘们便免于在黑暗中托钵乞食的危险。这也进一步表明，明相出（黎明升起）不可能早于《Vinayālaṅkāra》所认定的时间。 |
| As noted under NP 1, the Vinayālaṅkāra’s definition of dawnrise corresponds in modern terminology to the onset of civil twilight. Although the Khuddakasikkhā states that this period of whitening occurs 24 minutes prior to sunrise, this figure would apply only to locations that, like Sri Lanka, lie near the equator. At other latitudes, the length of time from the onset of civil twilight to sunrise would vary widely according to season, with the variations most extreme at higher latitudes. | 如《舍堕》一所述，《Vinayālaṅkāra》中对明相出（黎明升起）的定义，用现代术语来说，对应于民用曙暮光的开始。虽然《Khuddakasikkhā》指出，这段泛白出现的时间发生在日出前24分钟，但这个数字只适用于像斯里兰卡这样位于赤道附近的地点。在其他纬度，从民用曙暮光开始到日出的时间长短会因季节而异，纬度越高，这种差异越显著。 |
| This leaves the question of how dawnrise is related to dawn. As mentioned above, anto aruṇe under NP 2 can mean either “during dawn” or “before dawn.” The Vinayālaṅkāra defines this term as “before dawn-rising” (aruṇodayato puretaram’eva); another sub-commentary, the Namakkāra, in turn defines aruṇodayato as equivalent to aruṇuggamana, or dawnrise. | 这就引出了一个问题：明相出（黎明升起）与明相（黎明）之间究竟有何关联？如上所述，《舍堕》二下的 anto aruṇe 既可以指「明相（黎明）时分」，也可以指「明相（黎明）之前」。《Vinayālaṅkāra》将此术语定义为「明相（黎明）升起之前」（aruṇodayato puretaram’eva）；而另一部子注释《Namakkāra》又定义 aruṇodayato 等同于 aruṇuggamana，即明相出（黎明升起）。 |
| Some scholars, opting to translate anto aruṇe as “within dawn” or “during dawn,” have cited these passages to assert that dawn is a period of time preceding and ending with dawnrise. | 一些学者选择将 anto aruṇe 翻译为「在明相（黎明）之内」或「在明相（黎明）期间」，并引用这些段落来断言明相（黎明）是明相出（黎明升起）之前到结束的一个时段。 |
| This assertion, however, is dubious on several grounds. One obvious objection is that if the Vinayālaṅkāra had meant to define dawn as a distinct period of time, it would have mentioned not only the point at which dawn ends—at dawnrise—but also the point at which it begins. But it doesn’t. In fact, unless we assume that dawnrise is actually the beginning of dawn and not its end, none of the texts define a beginning for dawn. This leads to a severe practical problem, in that it would leave Pc 5 and Pc 49 with no clear line to define how to avoid an offense under those rules, where the beginning of dawn is the end of the non-offense period. If the compilers of the Vibhaṅga to those rules had meant to draw the line dividing an offense from a non-offense following a standard different from that in all the other rules in the Pāṭimokkha where the line between the end of night and the beginning of day is also relevant, they would have offered clear definitions to distinguish one standard from the other. But they don’t. This indicates that the assumption of a separate “dawn” preceding “dawnrise” must be mistaken. | 然而，这种说法在几个方面都值得怀疑。一个显而易见的反对意见是，如果《Vinayālaṅkāra》意在将明相（黎明）定义为一个独立的时间段，那么它不仅会提及明相（黎明）结束的时刻——即明相出（黎明升起）——还会提及明相（黎明）开始的时刻。但事实并非如此。实际上，除非我们假定明相出（黎明升起）实际上是明相（黎明）的开始而非结束，否则没有任何文献定义明相（黎明）的开始。这导致了一个严重的实际问题，即《波逸提》五和《波逸提》四九将无法明确界定如何在这些戒条下避免犯戒，因为在这些戒条中，明相（黎明）的开始即为不犯期间的结束。如果那些戒条的《经分别》编纂者意图以不同于《波罗提木叉》其他戒条的标准来划分犯戒与不犯，而《波罗提木叉》中其他戒条夜晚结束和白昼开始之间的分界线也具有相关性，那么他们理应提供清晰的定义来区分不同的标准。但他们并没有这么做。这表明，认为有一个单独的「明相（黎明）」先于「明相出（黎明升起）」的假设必然是错误的。 |
| A reading more consistent with the Canon’s casual treatment of the issue of dawn would be to translate anto aruṇe as “before dawn,” and to interpret dawnrise (aruṇuggamana) as the beginning of dawn, and not as its end. In other words, in all the rules where the line dividing the end of night from the beginning of day is the line between an offense and a non-offense, that line is marked by the onset of civil twilight, regardless of whether the Vibhaṅga refers to the period immediately preceding it as anto aruṇe or purāruṇā. | 更符合《圣典》对明相（黎明）问题的随意处理方式的解读，是将 anto aruṇe 译为「明相（黎明）之前」，并将明相出（黎明升起）（aruṇuggamana）解释为明相（黎明）的开始，而非结束。换言之，在所有以昼夜交替为界线，作为犯戒与不犯界线的戒条中，这条界线都以民用曙暮光的开始为标志，无论《经分别》将紧接著其之前的期间称为 anto aruṇe 还是 purāruṇā。 |
| This reading is also consistent with all the other uses of dawn and dawnrise in the Commentary and Sub-commentary. | 这种解读也与《义注》和《复注》中所有其他关于明相（黎明）和明相出（黎明升起）的用法一致。 |
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| II. Controversial points: Sugata measures | 二、争议点：善逝计量单位 |
| The Commentary to Sg 6 states that the Buddha’s cubit—the distance from his bent elbow to the tips of his fingers—was three times that of a normal man. This puts all the sugata measures—based on the Buddha’s cubit, handspan, and breadth of his fingers—at three times normal length and makes the Buddha freakishly tall. | 《僧残》六的《义注》指出，佛陀的肘长（即从弯曲的手肘到指尖的距离）是常人的三倍。这使得所有以佛陀肘长、手掌宽度和手指宽度为基础的善逝计量单位都达到了常人的三倍，也使得佛陀显得异常高大。 |
| How the Commentary arrived at this figure is hard to say, for the Vinaya-mukha cites several passages from the Canon showing that the Buddha, though tall, was not abnormally so. The most telling passage is the one from DN 2, in which King Ajātasattu visits the Buddha while the latter is sitting in an assembly of bhikkhus, and the king is unable to identify which member of the assembly the Buddha is. This, of course, is meant to indicate the king’s spiritual blindness, but if the Buddha had been remarkably tall it would have been part of his general reputation, and the king would not have had to ask. | 《义注》是如何得出这个数字的，很难说，因为《戒律入口》从《圣典》中引用了多段经文，表明佛陀虽然身材高大，但并非异常高大。最能说明的经文是《长部》2经中的一则记载：阿阇世王拜访佛陀，当时佛陀在一群比丘集众里坐著，国王却无法辨认出佛陀是集众中的哪一位成员。这当然意在显示国王的灵性盲目，但如果佛陀真的身材高大，那这早已是他整体声誉的一部分，国王也就无需询问了。 |
| The Vinaya-mukha then goes on to suggest a variety of ways of calculating the Buddha’s measurements, the most useful being to assume the Buddha’s cubit to be 50 cm. This, at least roughly, fits a number of passages from the Canon, as follows: | 《戒律入口》接著建议了多种计算佛陀的尺寸的方法，其中最实用的方法是假设佛陀的肘长为 50 公分。这至少大致符合《圣典》中的一些段落，如下所示： |
| According to DN 30, the spread of the Buddha’s arms, outstretched, was equal to his height. Because a person’s cubit is one-fourth the spread of his outstretched arms, this would put the Buddha’s height at 2 meters, or approximately 6 feet 7 inches. The origin story to Pc 92 states that his half-brother, Nanda, was four fingerbreadths shorter than he, and that when bhikkhus saw him coming from afar, they would mistake him for the Buddha, partly on the basis of his tall height. One fingerbreadth is said to be 1/24 cubit, or a little more than 2 cm. by this reckoning, which would put Nanda at 1.92 meters, or approximately 6 feet 4 inches tall. | 根据《长部》30经，佛陀双臂伸展的宽度等于他的身高。由于一肘的长度是双臂伸展宽度的四分之一，由此推算，佛陀的身高为2米，或约6英尺7英寸。而《波逸提》九二的起源故事则讲述了佛陀的同父异母兄弟难陀比他矮四指宽，当比丘们远远地看到他走过来时，会误以为他是佛陀，部分原因在于难陀的身高很高。据说一指宽是 1/24 肘长，或略多于 2 公分，按此计算，难陀的身高为 1.92 公尺，或约6英尺4英寸高。 |
| These figures would seem to fit the information in the Canon fairly well, in that they allow for both Nanda and the Buddha to be tall but not outlandishly so. | 这些数字似乎与《圣典》中的资讯相当吻合，因为它们既能说明难陀和佛陀身材高大，又不会高得离谱。 |
| Another pair of passages supporting these measurements is the ruling under Pc 87 that the legs of a bhikkhu’s bed not be more than eight sugata fingerbreadths tall, taken together with the recommendation at Cv.VIII.1.5 that one should grope under the bed with one’s hand to make sure that nothing is there before placing one’s bowl there. Our measurements would put the maximum height for the bed legs at 18 cm. If they were much taller than that, there would be no need to grope, for one could easily see under the bed with a glance. If they were much shorter than that, even a small bowl wouldn’t fit. | 另外两段经文支持这些测量结果，分别是《波逸提》八七的裁定，即比丘床脚的高度不得超过善逝八指宽，以及与《小品》.八.1.5的建议合在一起，即在放置自己的钵之前，应先用手摸索床下，确认无物。根据我们的测量，床脚的最大高度为18公分。如果床脚远高于此，则无需摸索，因为只需瞥一眼就能轻易看到床下。如果床脚远低于此，即使是小钵也无法放入。 |
| Although there is no way of determining the sugata measures with 100% accuracy, the above considerations suggest that the following estimates are reasonable: | 虽然无法 100% 准确地确定善逝计量单位，但上述考虑显示以下估计是合理的： |
The sugata cubit = 50 cm.
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善逝肘长 = 50 公分。
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The sugata span = 25 cm.
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善逝张手 = 25 公分。
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The sugata fingerbreadth = 2.08 cm.
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善逝指宽 = 2.08 公分。
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| Applied to the various rules, this would give us a hut 3 x 1.75 meters—small, but adequate; a rains-bathing cloth 1.5 x .625 meters—enough to cover one from the waist to the knees; and an skin-eruption covering cloth 1 x .5 meters—enough to cover one from the waist to just above the knees. All of these figures seem appropriate and so have been accepted for the purposes of this book. | 套用到各项戒条，我们可以得到一个 3 × 1.75 公尺的小屋（孤邸）——虽小但足够；一块 1.5 × 0.625 公尺的雨浴衣——足以遮盖腰部到膝盖；以及一块 1 × 0.5 公尺的覆疮布——足以遮盖腰部到膝盖上方。所有这些尺寸似乎都合适，因此本书采用这些尺寸。 |
* * *
| III. Controversial points: Meals | 三、争议点：餐食 |
| Cv.VI.21.1 allows bhikkhus to accept seven kinds of specially arranged meals in addition to the meals they receive on alms round. The context for this allowance is as follows: | 《小品》.六.21.1 允许比丘们除了托钵乞食的餐食之外，接受七种特意安排的餐食。此项开缘的背景如下： |
“Now at that time Rājagaha was short of food. People were not able to provide a meal for the Community, but they wanted to provide a designated meal, an invitational meal, a lottery meal, a meal on a day of the waxing or waning of the moon, on uposatha days, and on the day after each uposatha day. They told this matter to the Blessed One. He said, ‘I allow, bhikkhus, a Community meal, a designated meal, an invitational meal, a lottery meal, a meal on a day of the waxing or waning of the moon, on an uposatha day, and on the day after an uposatha day.’”
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「当时王舍城粮食短缺。人们无法为僧团提供餐食，但他们却想提供指定食[译注：古汉译为「僧次请食」]、邀请食[译注：古汉译为「别请食」]、抽签食[译注：古汉译为「行筹食」]、月盈月亏日食[译注：古汉译为「十五日食」]、布萨日食、以及每个布萨日后的次日食。他们将此事禀告世尊。他说：『比丘们，我允许僧团食、指定食、邀请食、抽签食、月盈月亏日食、布萨日食、以及布萨日次日食。』」
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| Unfortunately, the Canon provides no detailed explanation of these terms. The Commentary explains Community meals as meals for the entire Community, and the other terms as follows: | 可惜的是，《圣典》并未对这些术语提供详细解释。《义注》将「僧团食」解释为供给整个僧团的餐食，其他术语的解释如下： |
“(Having said,) ‘Give one, two… ten bhikkhus designated from the Community,’ they wanted to provide a meal for the bhikkhus they got through that designation. Later, having decided on bhikkhus in the same way (i.e., one, two… ten bhikkhus), and having invited them, they wanted to provide a meal for them. Later, they wanted to provide a meal having decided on a lottery. Later, having fixed a date—the waxing or waning moons, the uposatha day, or the day after—they wanted to provide a meal for one, two… ten bhikkhus. This is the extent of the meals that fall under the terms ‘designated meals, invitational meals (the Sub-commentary adds an ‘etc.’ here.)’”
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「（已说，）『从僧团中指定一、二…十位比丘』，他们想为透过该指定获得的比丘们提供餐食。后来，他们以同样的方式（即一、二…十位比丘）选定比丘，并邀请他们，他们想为他们提供膳食。再后来，他们想要以抽签[行筹]决定来提供餐食。再后来，以固定日期——月盈月亏，布萨日，或次日——他们想要提供餐食给一、二…十位比丘。这就是「指定食、邀请食（《复注》中在此处添加了『等等』）」这些术语所涵盖的餐食范围。」
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| These definitions seem fairly clear: a designated meal is one in which the donors do not specify which bhikkhus are to receive it, but simply ask for x number of bhikkhus from the Community, leaving it up to the meal designator—the Community official responsible for managing these various meals (see BMC2, Chapter 18)—to designate who the recipients will be. An invitational meal is one in which the donors decide on the recipients themselves. A lottery meal is one in which the recipients are chosen by drawing lots, while the remaining meals—periodic meals—are given regularly to a rotating roster of x number of bhikkhus every time the specified date comes around. | 这些定义似乎相当清楚：指定食[僧次请食]是指布施者不指定哪些比丘接受之，而是向僧团请求若干比丘，由餐食指定人（即负责管理各类餐食的僧团执事，参见《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》第十八章）来指定受请者。邀请食[别请食]是指布施者自行决定受请者。抽签食[行筹食]是指透过抽签决定受请者，而其余的餐食——周期食（定期食）[常请食]——则每当指定日期到来时，都会规律地分配给轮换的若干比丘。。 |
| However, the Commentary’s discussion of how the meal designator should manage these meals blurs the lines between the first three categories. It gives no detailed discussion of Community meals, but divides designated meals into the following two types: | 然而，《义注》对餐食指定人应如何管理这些餐食的讨论模糊了前三类之间的界限。它没有对僧团食进行详细讨论，而是将指定食分为以下两种类型： |
1a) Meals for which the number of bhikkhus to be designated is equal to the total number of bhikkhus in the Community.
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1a）指定比丘人数等于僧团比丘总数的餐食。
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1b) Meals for which the number of bhikkhus to be designated is less than the total number of bhikkhus in the Community.
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1b）指定比丘人数少于僧团比丘总数的餐食。
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| Invitational meals come in four types: | 邀请食分为四种： |
2a) Meals to which the entire Community is invited.
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2a）整个僧团都被邀请的餐食。
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2b) Meals to which specific individuals or types of bhikkhus (e.g., no one but senior bhikkhus) are invited.
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2b）邀请特定个人或特定类型的比丘（例如，只邀请长老比丘）的餐食。
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2c) Meals to which one bhikkhu is invited and asked to bring x number of his friends.
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2c）一位比丘被邀请并被要求带若干位他的朋友的餐食。
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2d) Meals for which the donor simply asks for x number of bhikkhus, without specifying in any way who they should be.
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2d）布施者只要求若干位比丘，而不以任何方式指定他们是谁的餐食。
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| This typology raises two questions. First, why aren’t types 1a and 2a grouped under Community meals? Is it because the donor uses the words designated and invited when announcing his/her plans for the meal? If so, how does one arrange for a Community meal that would not fall into these two types, in line with the fact that a Community meal is said to be a separate category? | 这种分类引出了两个问题。首先，为什么类型 1a 和 2a 没有被归类在僧团食之下？是因为布施者在宣布其餐食计划时使用了指定和邀请这样的字眼吗？如果是这样，那么如何安排一场僧团食，既不属于这两种类型，又符合僧团食应有的独立类别呢？ |
| The second question is how type 2d differs from a designated meal. Is it, again, because the donor does not use the word designated in announcing the meal? If so, the difference is only formal, for the Commentary itself states that the meal designator is to treat such a meal as he would a designated meal, which shows that in essence it is the same thing. | 第二个问题是，2d 类型与指定食有何不同？是否同样是因为布施者在宣布餐食时未使用「指定」一词？如果是这样，区别仅在于形式，因为《义注》本身指出，餐食指定人应将此类餐食视为指定食，这表明本质上它是同一件事。 |
| As we reasoned in the discussion of Pc 32, that rule applies only to invitational meals. If we follow the Commentary’s original definitions of the various categories of special meal—eliminating types 1a, 2a and 2d as redundant—it is easy enough to determine in essence which types of meals fall into this category and which don’t. If we follow the detailed typologies, though, the distinctions become more a matter of formality and technicalities. For example, if the donor asks the meal designator to “designate nine bhikkhus from the Community,” the meal would not violate Pc 32, but if he simply asked for nine bhikkhus—even if he did not specify who they were to be—the meal would be a group meal, and any bhikkhus who ate it would be committing an offense. Or again, if he asked that the entire Community be “designated” to come to his meal, they would not incur a penalty in going, but if he simply invited the entire Community to a meal, they would. | 正如我们在讨论《波逸提》三二时所论证的，该戒条只适用于邀请食。如果我们遵循《义注》中对各种特殊餐食类别的原始定义——将1a、2a和2d类型视为冗余而剔除——就够容易从本质上决定哪些类型的餐食属于此类别，哪些不属于。然而，如果我们遵循详细的分类，这些差异就更多地变成了形式和技术细节。例如，如果布施者要求餐食指定人「从僧团中指定九位比丘」，那么这顿餐食就不会违反《波逸提》三二；但如果他只是要求九位比丘——即使他没有具体说明是谁——这顿餐食就属于结众食，任何用餐的比丘都会犯戒。或再者，如果他要求整个僧团「被指定」来他的餐食，他们不会因前去而受到惩罚；但如果他只是邀请整个僧团来餐食，他们就会受到惩罚。 |
| Because the Commentary is a compendium of the opinions of many generations of teachers, the definitions of the categories of meals may have been agreed on by one generation of teachers, and the typologies by another. This would explain the discrepancies between the two. Or the entire discussion—definitions and typologies—may have been the product of one generation, who did mean the distinctions among the categories to depend on formalities and technicalities. | 由于《义注》汇集了多代导师的观点，餐食类别的定义可能由某一代导师达成共识，而类型划分则由另一代导师形成。这可以解释两者之间的差异。或者，整个讨论——包括定义和类型划分——可能都出自某一代导师之手，他们确实认为类别之间的区别取决于形式和技术细节。 |
| At any rate, as with many other areas where the Canon gives no definite guidance, this is an area where the wise policy for each bhikkhu is to follow the standards of the Community to which he belongs. | 总之，就像《圣典》没有明确指引的许多其他领域一样，在这个领域，每个比丘的明智之举是遵循他所属僧团的标准。 |
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| IV. Pali formulae: Determination | 四、巴利公式：决意 |
| The articles a bhikkhu must determine for his use have already been mentioned under NP 1, 21, & 24. | 比丘必须决意自己使用的物品已在《舍堕》一、二一和二四中提及。 |
| Determination, according to the Commentary, may be done in either of two ways: by body or by word. To determine by body means to grasp or touch the object in question with any part of the body and to determine in the mind that the object is for one’s own particular use, in line with the formula given below. To determine by word means to speak the formula out loud. In this case, if the object is within the reach of the hand, use the same formula as for determination with the body. If it is beyond the reach of the hand, alter the formula, changing imaṁ, “this,” to etaṁ, “that.’ Articles to be worn—i.e., robes, the rains-bathing cloth—must first be dyed the proper color and properly marked in accordance with Pc 58. | 决意，根据《义注》，可透过两种方式之一完成：借由身体或借由言语。借由身体决意是指用身体的任何部位抓住或触摸目标物，并遵循以下公式，在心中决意该物是供自己使用的。借由言语决意是指大声说出公式。在这种情况下，如果该物在伸手可及的范围内，则使用与以身体决意相同的公式。若该物超出伸手可及的范围，则需修改公式，将「imaṁ」（此）改为「etaṁ」（彼）。穿著的物品——即袈裟、雨浴衣——必须依照《波逸提》五八先染成合适的颜色并适当地标记。 |
| The Canon and commentaries make no mention of any formula to repeat while marking, but the tradition in Thailand is to repeat: | 《圣典》及注释书中并未提及任何标记时需要重复的公式，但泰国的传统做法是重复： |
| Imaṁ bindu-kappaṁ karomi, | |
which means, “I make this properly marked.”
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意思是，「我将此适当地被标记」。
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| The words for determination, taking the bowl as an example, are: | 以钵为例，表示决意的字词是： |
| Imaṁ pattaṁ adhiṭṭhāmi, | |
which means, “I determine this bowl” or “I determine this as a bowl.”
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意思是，「我决意此钵」或「我决意此为钵」。
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| To determine other requisites, replace the word pattaṁ, bowl, with the appropriate name, as follows: | 要决意其他必需品，将单字 pattaṁ（钵）替换为适当的名称，如下： |
for the outer robe: saṅghāṭiṁ
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外衣[僧伽黎]：saṅghāṭiṁ
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for the upper robe: uttarāsaṅgaṁ
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上衣[郁多罗僧]：uttarāsaṅgaṁ
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for the lower robe: antaravāsakaṁ
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下衣[安陀会]：antaravāsakaṁ
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for the sitting cloth: nisīdanaṁ
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坐布[尼师坛]：nisīdanaṁ
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for the skin-eruption cloth: kaṇḍu-paṭicchādiṁ
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覆疮布：kaṇḍu-paṭicchādiṁ
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for the rains-bathing cloth: vassikasāṭikaṁ
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雨浴衣：vassikasāṭikaṁ
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for the sleeping cloth: paccattharaṇaṁ
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睡布[床单]：paccattharaṇaṁ
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for the handkerchief: mukha-puñchana-colaṁ
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手帕[拭面巾]：mukha-puñchana-colaṁ
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for other cloth requisites: parikkhāra-colaṁ
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其他布料必需品[杂用布]：parikkhāra-colaṁ
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To determine many cloths of the same sort at the same time, use the plural forms: Change imaṁ to imāni; etaṁ to etāni; and the –aṁ ending for the name of the article to -āni. For example, to determine many miscellaneous cloth requisites within reach of the hand, the formula is:
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若要同时决意多件同类布料，使用复数形式：将 imaṁ 改为 imāni；将 etaṁ 改为 etāni；并将该物名称的 -aṁ 词尾改为 -āni。例如，要决意伸手可及的多件杂用布，公式为：
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Imāni parikkhāra-colāni adhiṭṭhāmi.
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A bhikkhu may determine only one of each of the following five items for use at any one time: the bowl, the basic set of three robes, and the sitting cloth. If he wishes to replace an old item with a new one, he must first withdraw the determination of the old item before determining the new one. The formula for withdrawal, again taking the bowl as an example, is:
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比丘在任何时候，在以下五种物品中的任一种，都只可决意一件使用：钵、基本的三衣、和坐布[尼师坛]。如果他想用新的物品取代旧的，必须先撤回对旧物品的决意，才能决意新物品。再次以钵为例，撤回决意的公式如下：
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Imaṁ pattaṁ paccuddharāmi,
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which means, “I relinquish this bowl.” To withdraw the determination of other items, replace the word pattaṁ with the appropriate name, as above.
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意思是「我放弃这个钵」。若要撤回其他物品的决意，将单字 pattaṁ 替换为适当的名称，如上所述。
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| If an item has been snatched away, burnt, destroyed, lost, given away, or taken away on trust, its determination automatically lapses, and there is no need to withdraw the determination before determining a new item to replace it. The Commentary explains destroyed as meaning that the bowl or any of the three robes develops a hole of a certain size: for a clay bowl, a hole large enough for a millet grain to pass through; for an iron bowl, a hole large enough to let liquid pass through; for the robes, a complete break at least the size of the fingernail of the small finger, located at least one handspan in from the long edge of the robe, and four fingerbreadths from the short edge of the lower robe, or eight fingerbreadths from the short edge of the upper and outer robes. | 若物品被夺走、被烧毁、损坏、遗失、被给予出去或基于信任拿走，其决意自动失效，无需撤回决意即可决意新的物品以替代之。《义注》中对「损坏」的解释是：钵或三衣中的任何一件出现一定大小的破洞：对于陶钵，破洞大小足以让一粒小米穿过；对于铁钵，破洞大小足以让液体流过；对于袈裟，完整破损处至少有小指指甲大小，距离袈裟的长边内侧至少一张手宽，且距离下衣[安陀会]的短边至少四指宽，或距离上衣[郁多罗僧]及外衣[僧伽黎]的短边至少八指宽。 |
| Once the robe or bowl develops a hole of this sort, it reverts to the status of an extra robe or bowl. If the owner still wishes to use it, the hole must be mended and the article redetermined before ten days elapse. Otherwise, he is subject to the penalties imposed by NP 1 or 21. | 一旦袈裟或钵出现此类破洞，它就还原成为额外袈裟或钵的状态。如果所有者仍想使用它，则必须在十日内修补破洞并重新决意该物品。否则，他将受到《舍堕》一或二一规定的处罚。 |
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| V. Pali formulae: Shared ownership | 五、巴利公式：共享所有权 |
| The topic of shared ownership, together with the various controversies connected with it, are discussed in detail under Pc 59. Here we will simply give the formulae. | 共享所有权的主题及其相关的各种争议在《波逸提》五九中有详细讨论。这里我们只给公式。 |
| There are two formulae for sharing ownership in the presence of the second owner. The first—taking as an example a piece of robe-cloth within reach of the hand—is this: | 在第二位所有者在场的情况下，有两种共享所有权的公式。第一种方式——以伸手可及的一块袈裟布为例——如下： |
Imaṁ cīvaraṁ tuyhaṁ vikappemi,
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meaning, “I share ownership of this robe-cloth with you (plural).”
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意思是，「我与你们（复数）共享这件袈裟布的所有权。」
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| To place a bowl under shared ownership, change cīvaraṁ to pattaṁ. For more than one piece of cloth, change imaṁ cīvaraṁ to imāni cīvarāni. For more than one bowl, change imaṁ pattaṁ to ime patte. For articles beyond the reach of the hand, change imaṁ to etaṁ; imāni to etāni; and ime to ete. | 要将一个钵置于共同所有权之下，将 cīvaraṁ 改为 pattaṁ。要将多块布置于共同所有权之下，将 imaṁ cīvaraṁ 改为 imāni cīvarāni。要将多于一个钵置于共同所有权之下，请将 imaṁ pattaṁ 改为 ime patte。要将超出伸手可及范围的物品置于共同所有权之下，将 imaṁ 改为 etaṁ； imāni 改为 etāni； ime 改为 ete。 |
| The second formula—less formal than the first—is: | 第二个公式——不如第一个正式——是： |
Imaṁ civaraṁ Itthannāmassa vikappemi,
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which means, “I share ownership of this robe-cloth with so-and-so.” Suppose, for example, that the person’s name is Nando. If he is one’s senior, change Itthannāmassa to Āyasmato Nandassa; if he is one’s junior, change it to Nandassa Bhikkhuno; if he is a novice, change it to Nandassa Sāmaṇerassa. If he is very much one’s senior, use the first formula, above. (Mv.I.74.1 shows that the tradition in the Buddha’s time was not to use a very senior or respected person’s name when referring to him.)
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意思是，「我与某某共享这件袈裟布的所有权」。例如，假设此人名叫 Nando。如果他戒腊较高，将 Itthannāmassa 改为 Āyasmato Nandassa ；如果他戒腊较低，则改为 Nandassa Bhikkhuno ；如果他是沙弥，则改为 Nandassa Sāmaṇerassa 。如果他戒腊较自己高出非常多，则使用上述第一种公式。（《大品》.一.74.1表明，在佛陀时代的传统是，在称呼一位戒腊非常高或受人尊敬的人时，通常不使用其名字。）
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| To share a bowl in this way, change cīvaraṁ to pattaṁ. Other changes, as called for, may be inferred from the previous formulae. | 以这种方式共享一个钵，将 cīvaraṁ 改为 pattaṁ。其他需要的更改可从前面的公式推断出来。 |
| To place a piece of robe-cloth under shared ownership with two people who are absent, say to a witness: | 要将一块袈裟布置于两名不在场者的共同所有权之下，对见证者说： |
Imaṁ cīvaraṁ vikappan’atthāya tuyhaṁ dammi,
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which means, “I give this robe-cloth to you to share.” The witness should ask the original owner the names of two bhikkhus or novices who are his friends or acquaintances. In Pali, this is:
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意思是「我把这件袈裟给你，与你共享」。见证者应该询问原主人两位比丘或沙弥的名字，这两位比丘或沙弥是他的朋友或熟人。在巴利语中，这句话是：
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Ko te mitto vā sandiṭṭho vā.
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After the original owner tells the names, the witness says:
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在原主人说出姓名后，见证者说：
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Ahaṁ tesaṁ dammi,
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which means, “I give it to them.”
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意思是，「我把它给他们。」
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| To rescind the shared ownership, the Vibhaṅga says that the witness in the last case should say, | 《经分别》说，要撤销共享所有权，最后一个情况里的见证者应该说： |
Tesaṁ santakaṁ paribhuñja vā vissajjehi vā yathā-paccayaṁ vā karohi,
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which means, “Use what is theirs, give it away, or do as you like with it.”
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意思是，「使用属于他们的东西，赠予出去，或按照你的意愿处置它。」
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| As for cases in which the article is placed under shared ownership in the presence of the second owner, the Vibhaṅga gives no formula for rescinding the arrangement. The K/Commentary suggests that the second owner should say, | 至于在第二位所有者在场的情况下，物品被置于共享所有权之下的情况，《经分别》并未给出撤销该安排的公式。K/《义注》建议第二位所有者应该说： |
Mayhaṁ santakaṁ paribhuñja vā vissajjehi vā yathā-paccayaṁ vā karohi,
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which means, “Use what is mine, give it away, or do as you like with it.”
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意思是，「使用属于我的东西，赠予出去，或按照你的意愿处置它。」
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| The Pubbasikkhā-vaṇṇanā, though, suggests the following formula (for robe-cloth within reach, rescinded by a bhikkhu who is senior to the original owner): | 《Pubbasikkhā-vaṇṇanā》却提出了以下公式（适用于可及的袈裟布，由比原所有者戒腊更高的比丘撤销）： |
Imaṁ cīvaraṁ mayhaṁ santakaṁ paribhuñja vā vissajjehi vā yathā-paccayaṁ vā karohi,
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which means, “Use this robe-cloth of mine, give it away, etc.” If the bhikkhu rescinding the shared ownership is junior to the original owner, the verb endings are more formal:
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意思是，「使用这件属于我的袈裟布，赠予出去等等。」如果撤销共享所有权的比丘戒腊低于原所有者，则动词词尾更正式：
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Imaṁ cīvaraṁ mayhaṁ santakaṁ paribhuñjatha vā vissajjetha vā yathā-paccayaṁ vā karotha.
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For a bowl, change cīvaraṁ to pattaṁ. If more than one piece of cloth is involved, the formula begins, Imāni cīvarāni mayhaṁ santakāni…. If more than one bowl, Ime patte mayhaṁ santake…. Changes for articles outside the reach of the hand may be inferred from those for the earlier formulae.
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对于钵，将 cīvaraṁ 改为 pattaṁ 。如果涉及超过一块布料，则公式以 Imāni cīvarāni mayhaṁ santakāni… 开头。如果超过一个钵，则以 Ime patte mayhaṁ santake… 开头。对于伸手不可及的物品，其变化可从前面的公式推断。
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* * *
| VI. Pali formulae: Forfeiture | 六、巴利公式：舍弃 |
| As noted in the conclusion to the chapter on nissaggiya pācittiya rules, articles received in defiance of NP 18, 19, & 22 must be forfeited to a Community. The words of forfeiture in these cases are: | 正如《尼萨耆波逸提》（《舍堕》）戒条该章的结论中所指出的，违反《舍堕》一八、一九和二二的物品必须被舍出给僧团。在这些情况下，舍出的言语是： |
| NP 18 | 《舍堕》一八 |
| For receiving gold and silver (money): | 接受金银（金钱）： |
| Ahaṁ bhante rūpiyaṁ paṭiggahesiṁ. Idaṁ me nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ saṅghassa nissajjāmi. | |
| This means, “Venerable sirs, I have received money. This of mine is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to the Community.” | 这意思是：「尊者们，我已经接受金钱。我的这个将被舍出。我把它舍给僧团。」 |
| NP 19 | 《舍堕》一九 |
| For engaging in monetary exchange: | 对于从事金钱兑换： |
| Ahaṁ bhante nānappakārakaṁ rūpiya-saṁvohāraṁ samāpajjiṁ. Idaṁ me nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ saṅghassa nissajjāmi. | |
| This means, “Venerable sirs, I have engaged in various types of monetary exchange. This of mine is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to the Community.” | 这意思是：「尊者们，我从事过各种金钱兑换。我的这个将被舍出。我把它舍给僧团。」 |
| NP 22 | 《舍堕》二二 |
| For asking for a new bowl when one’s original bowl is still usable: | 当原来的钵仍然可用时要求新钵： |
| Ayaṁ me bhante patto ūna-pañca-bandhanena pattena cetāpito nissaggiyo. Imāhaṁ saṅghassa nissajjāmi. | |
| This means, “This bowl of mine, venerable sirs, asked for when the (previous) bowl had less than five mends, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to the Community.” | 这意思是：「尊者们，我的这钵，当（前一个）钵补缀不足五次时被要求得到，将被舍出。我把它舍给僧团。」 |
| In each case, after the item has been forfeited, the offender must confess his offense, with an experienced and competent bhikkhu to acknowledge his confession, using the following formula: | 在每种情况下，物品被舍出后，犯戒者必须承认自己的罪行，并由经验丰富且有能力的比丘接受他的忏罪，使用以下公式： |
Confessant（忏罪者）: Ahaṁ bhante nissaggiyaṁ pācittiyaṁ āpattiṁ āpanno. Taṁ paṭidesemi.
Recipient（接受者）: Passasi āvuso?
C（忏）: Āma bhante, passāmi.
R（受）: Āyatiṁ āvuso saṁvareyyāsi.
C（忏）: Sādhu suṭṭhu bhante saṁvarissāmi. (Three times.)
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| An alternative version of the last exchange, found in MN 104, is: | 《中部》104 经中发现的最后一次交换的替代版本是： |
R（受）: Āyatiṁ saṁvaraṁ āpajjeyyāsi.
C（忏）: Saṁvaraṁ āpajjissāmi.
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| This is the formula to use when the bhikkhu making the confession is junior to the bhikkhu acknowledging it. For translations and instructions on how to change the formula to use when the bhikkhu making the confession is senior to the bhikkhu acknowledging it, see Appendix VII. | 当作忏悔的比丘比接受忏悔的比丘地位戒腊低时，可以使用这个公式。当作忏悔的比丘比接受忏悔的比丘戒腊高时，如何改变所使用的公式的翻译和说明，请参阅附录七。 |
| If, after money has been forfeited under NP 18 or 19 and the offense has been confessed, the Community needs to authorize a money-disposer, they must first choose a member of the group who is free of the four kinds of bias—based on desire, based on aversion, based on delusion, based on fear—and who knows what counts as disposed and not disposed. Then they must ask him to perform this duty. When he has agreed, one of the bhikkhus recites the transaction statement, as follows: | 如果在根据《舍堕》一八或一九金钱被舍出并且罪行被忏悔后，僧团需要授权金钱处置者，他们必须先选择一个不存在四种偏见的团体成员——基于贪欲，基于瞋恨，基于愚痴，基于恐惧——知道什么算是被处置了，什么不算被处置之人。然后他们就必须要求他履行这个职责。当他同意后，其中一位比丘背诵羯磨文如下： |
Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ rūpiya-chaḍḍakaṁ sammanneyya. Esā ñatti.
Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ rūpiya-chaḍḍakaṁ sammannati. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno rūpiya-chaḍḍakassa sammati, so tuṇhassa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.
Sammato saṅghena Itthannāmo bhikkhu rūpiya-chaḍḍako. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi.
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| This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. If the Community is ready, it should authorize Bhikkhu (name) as the money-disposer. This is the motion. | 这意思是，尊者们，愿僧团倾听我。如果僧团准备好了，它应该授权比丘（名字）作为金钱处置者。此为动议。 |
| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. The Community authorizes Bhikkhu (name) as the money-disposer. He to whom the authorization of Bhikkhu (name) as the money-disposer is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 尊者们，愿僧团倾听我。僧团授权比丘（名字）为金钱处置人。凡同意比丘（名字）授权为金钱处置者的人应保持沉默。不同意的人应该说话。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been authorized by the Community as the money-disposer. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 比丘（姓名）已被僧团授权为金钱处置者。这是僧团所同意的，因此它保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
| If the bhikkhu being authorized is senior to the bhikkhu reciting the authorization, Itthannāmo bhikkhu should be replaced as follows (supposing that his name is Dhammadharo): | 如果被授权的比丘比背诵授权的比丘戒腊高，则应如下取代 Itthannāmo bhikkhu（假设他的名字是 Dhammadharo）： |
Itthannāmo bhikkhu → āyasmā Dhammadharo
Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ → āyasmantaṁ Dhammadharaṁ
Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno → āyasmato Dhammadharassa
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| For the patterns to use when the bhikkhu’s name has a different stem-form (-i, -u, etc.), see the introduction to Appendix II in BMC2. | 当比丘的名字有不同的词干形式（-i、-u等）时所使用的模式，请参阅《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》附录二的介绍。 |
| To authorize a bowl-exchanger under NP 22, the same procedure is followed, except that—in addition to being free from the four forms of bias—the bhikkhu to be chosen must know what is (properly) exchanged and what is not. The same form for the transaction statement is used, replacing rūpiya-chaḍḍakaṁ/ rūpiya-chaḍḍakassa/ rūpiya-chaḍḍako with patta-gāhāpakaṁ/ patta-gāhāpakassa/ patta-gāhāpako. | 要根据《舍堕》二二授权一名钵交换者，遵循相同的程序，除了——除了不受四种形式的偏见之外——被选择的比丘必须知道什么是（适当地）交换，什么不是。羯磨文使用相同的形式，将 rūpiya-chaḍḍakaṁ/ rūpiya-chaḍḍakassa/ rūpiya-chaḍḍako 替换为 patta-gāhāpakaṁ/ patta-gāhāpakassa/ patta-gāhāpako。 |
| Articles used or received in violation of the remaining NP rules may be forfeited to the Community, to a group, or to an individual. Here, only the formulae for forfeiting to an individual will be given. Formulae for rules rarely broken—e.g., involving bhikkhunīs or felt rugs—are not listed. | 违反其余《舍堕》戒条而使用或接收的物品可以被舍出给僧团、团体或个人。这里，仅给出舍出给个人的公式。很少被违犯的戒条的公式——例如涉及比丘尼或毛毡地毯——则不列出。 |
| NP 1 | 《舍堕》一 |
| For an extra robe (or robe-cloth) kept beyond ten days: | 对于保存超过十天的额外袈裟（或袈裟布料）： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ dasāhātikkantaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. | |
| This means, “This robe (robe-cloth) of mine, venerable sir, kept beyond ten days, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” If the speaker is senior to the listener, change bhante to āvuso. If many pieces of cloth are to be forfeited at once, the forms should be changed to plural: | 意思是：「尊者，我此袈裟（袈裟布料），保存超过十天，应予舍出。我把它舍给你。」如果说者的戒腊比听者高，将 bhante 改为 āvuso 。如果要同时舍出多块布，则应将形式改为复数： |
| Imāni me bhante cīvarāni dasāhātikkantāni nissaggiyāni. Imānāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. | |
| For robes beyond the reach of the hand, change idaṁ to etaṁ; imāhaṁ to etāhaṁ; imāni to etāni; and imānāhaṁ to etānāhaṁ. For example, for one robe, one would say: | 伸手可及之处之外的袈裟，将 idaṁ 改为 etaṁ ； imāhaṁ 改为 etāhaṁ ； imāni 改为 etāni ；以及 imānāhaṁ to etānāhaṁ 。例如，对于一件袈裟，可以说： |
| Etaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ dasāhātikkantaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Etāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. | |
| For more than one robe beyond the reach of the hand, one would say: | 对于不只一件伸手可及之处之外的袈裟，可以说： |
| Etāni me bhante cīvarāni dasāhātikkantāni nissaggiyāni. Etānāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. | |
| Once the offense has been confessed, the robe (robe-cloth) is to be returned to the original owner, using this formula: | 一旦忏罪完成，袈裟（袈裟布料）将归还给原来的拥有者，使用以下公式： |
| Imaṁ cīvaraṁ āyasmato dammi, | |
| which means, “I give this robe (robe-cloth) to you.” | 意思是：「我把这件袈裟（袈裟布料）给你。」 |
| For more than one piece: | 对于超过一件： |
| Imāni cīvarāni āyasmato dammi. | |
| Changes in the formula for robe-cloth beyond the reach of the hand may be inferred from the preceding example. These two formulae for returning robe-cloth are used in every case involving robes or robe-cloth and will not be repeated below. | 从前面的例子可以推论出伸手可及之处之外的袈裟布料的公式的变化。这两个返还袈裟的公式适用于所有涉及袈裟或袈裟布料的情况，以下不再赘述。 |
| NP 2 | 《舍堕》二 |
| For a robe from which one dwelled apart a night or more: | 对于一件分开过夜一晚或更长时间的袈裟： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ ratti-vippavutthaṁ aññatra bhikkhu-sammatiyā nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe of mine, venerable sir, from which I dwelled apart for a night without authorization of the bhikkhus, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” Change cīvaraṁ to dvi-cīvaraṁ for two robes, and to ti-cīvaraṁ for three. Other changes, as necessary, may be inferred from the formulae for NP 1, above. The formulae for returning the robe(s) are also given there. | 意思是：「尊者，未经比丘许可，我分开过夜的这件袈裟，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」两件袈裟将 cīvaraṁ 改为 dvi-cīvaraṁ ，三件袈裟则改为 ti-cīvaraṁ 。如有必要，其他变化可以从上面的《舍堕》一的公式中推断出来。那里也给出了归还袈裟的公式。 |
| NP 3 | 《舍堕》三 |
| For out-of-season robe-cloth kept more than a month: | 对于保存超过一个月的不合时令的袈裟布： |
| Idaṁ me bhante akāla-cīvaraṁ māsātikkantaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This out-of-season robe-cloth of mine, venerable sir, kept beyond a month, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” For more than one piece of cloth: | 意思是：「尊者，我这件不合时令的袈裟布，存放超过一个月的，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」对于超过一块布： |
| Imāni me bhante akāla-cīvarāni māsātikkantāni nissaggiyāni. Imānāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. | |
| Other changes, as necessary, may be inferred from the formulae for NP 1. | 如有必要，其他变化可以从《舍堕》一的公式中推断出来。 |
| NP 6 | 《舍堕》六 |
| For a robe (robe-cloth) requested from an unrelated householder: | 对于从非亲戚的居士要求的袈裟（袈裟布料）： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ aññatra samayā viññāpitaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe (robe-cloth) of mine, venerable sir, requested from an unrelated householder at other than the proper occasion, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这件袈裟（袈裟布料），在非适合情况向非亲戚的居士要求，应被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| For more than one robe: | 对于超过一件袈裟： |
| Imāni me bhante cīvarāni aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ aññatra samayā viññāpitāni nissaggiyāni. Imānāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. |
| NP 7 | 《舍堕》七 |
| For a robe (robe-cloth) requested from an unrelated householder during an allowable occasion, but beyond the allowable limit: | 对于非亲戚的居士在允许的情况下要求但超出允许限制的袈裟（袈裟布料）： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ tad’uttariṁ viññāpitaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe (robe-cloth) of mine, venerable sir, requested beyond that (allowable) from an unrelated householder, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这件袈裟（袈裟布料），向非亲戚的居士索要超出（允许的限制），应被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| For more than one robe: | 对于超过一件袈裟： |
| Imāni me bhante cīvarāni aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ tad’uttariṁ viññāpitāni nissaggiyāni. Imānāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi. |
| NP 8 | 《舍堕》八 |
| For cloth received after making a stipulation to an unrelated householder: | 对于向非亲戚居士作出指示后收到的布料： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ pubbe appavārito aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ upasaṅkamitvā cīvare vikappaṁ āpannaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This cloth, venerable sir—mine after, without having been invited beforehand, I approached an unrelated householder and made stipulations about cloth—is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这块布，在没有事先邀请的情况下，我接洽了一个非亲戚的居士，并就布料做了指示——应该被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| NP 9 | 《舍堕》九 |
| For cloth received after making stipulations to two or more unrelated householders, use the same formula as for the preceding rule, changing aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ to aññātake gahapatike. | 对于向两个或两个以上非亲戚的居士做出指示后收到的布料，使用与前一戒条相同的公式，将 aññātakaṁ gahapatikaṁ 更改为 aññātake gahapatike 。 |
| NP 10 | 《舍堕》十 |
| For a robe (robe-cloth) received after reminding one’s steward too many times: | 对于太多次提醒净人后收到的袈裟（袈裟布料）： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ atireka-tikkhattuṁ codanāya atireka-chakkhattuṁ ṭhānena abhinipphāditaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe (robe-cloth) of mine, venerable sir, produced after more than three reminders, after more than six standings, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的此袈裟（袈裟布料），经过三次以上的提醒，经过六次以上的站立后获得，应被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| NP 18 & 19 | 《舍堕》一八 及 一九 |
| The formulae for these rules are given at the beginning of this appendix. | 这些戒条的公式在本附录的开头已经给出。 |
| NP 20 | 《舍堕》二十 |
| For an article received in trade: | 对于在交易中收到的物品： |
| Ahaṁ bhante nānappakārakaṁ kaya-vikkayaṁ samāpajjiṁ. Idaṁ me nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “Venerable sir, I have engaged in various types of trade. This of mine is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我从事过各种类型的交易。我的这个将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| To return the article: | 归还物品： |
| Imaṁ āyasmato dammi, | |
| which means, “I give this to you.” | 意思是「我把这个给你」。 |
| NP 21 | 《舍堕》二一 |
| For an extra bowl kept beyond ten days: | 对于保存超过十天的额外的钵： |
| Ayaṁ me bhante patto dasāhātikkanto nissaggiyo. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This bowl of mine, venerable sir, kept beyond ten days, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这钵，保存超过十天，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| To return the bowl: | 归还钵： |
| Imaṁ pattaṁ āyasmato dammi. |
| NP 22 | 《舍堕》二二 |
| The formula for this rule is given at the beginning of this appendix. | 本戒条的公式在本附录的开头已经给出。 |
| NP 23 | 《舍堕》二三 |
| For any of the five tonics kept beyond seven days: | 对于任何五种补品，保存超过七日： |
| Idaṁ me bhante bhesajjaṁ sattāhātikkantaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This medicine of mine, venerable sir, kept beyond seven days, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的此药，保存超过七日，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| To return the medicine: | 归还该药： |
| Imaṁ bhesajjaṁ āyasmato dammi. |
| NP 25 | 《舍堕》二五 |
| For a robe (robe-cloth) snatched back in anger: | 对于愤怒地夺回的袈裟（袈裟布料）： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ bhikkhussa sāmaṁ datvā acchinnaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe (robe-cloth) of mine, venerable sir, snatched back after I myself gave it to a bhikkhu, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这件袈裟（袈裟布料），在我亲自给予比丘后被夺回，应被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| NP 28 | 《舍堕》二八 |
| For a robe (robe-cloth) offered in urgency kept beyond the robe season: | 对于紧急供养的袈裟（袈裟布料），保存超过袈裟季节： |
| Idaṁ me bhante acceka-cīvaraṁ cīvara-kāla-samayaṁ atikkāmitaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe-cloth-offered-in-urgency of mine, venerable sir, kept beyond the robe season, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是：「尊者，我的这件紧急供养的袈裟，保存超过袈裟季节，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| NP 29 | 《舍堕》二九 |
| For a robe separated from one for more than six nights: | 对于一件袈裟分离超过六夜： |
| Idaṁ me bhante cīvaraṁ atireka-chā-rattaṁ vippavutthaṁ aññatra bhikkhu-sammatiyā nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This robe of mine, venerable sir, separated (from me) for more than six nights without authorization of the bhikkhus, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” Change cīvaraṁ to dvi-cīvaraṁ for two robes, and to ti-cīvaraṁ for three. | 意思是：「尊者，未经比丘们许可，我的这件袈裟（与我）分离超过六夜，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」两件袈裟则将 cīvaraṁ 改为 dvi-cīvaraṁ，三件改为 ti-cīvaraṁ 。 |
| NP 30 | 《舍堕》三十 |
| For gains intended for the Community that one has diverted to oneself: | 施向僧团的所得而挪为己用者： |
| Idaṁ me bhante jānaṁ saṅghikaṁ lābhaṁ pariṇataṁ attano pariṇāmitaṁ nissaggiyaṁ. Imāhaṁ āyasmato nissajjāmi, | |
| which means, “This of mine, venerable sir, which—knowing it was intended for the Community—I diverted for myself, is to be forfeited. I forfeit it to you.” | 意思是，「尊者，我的这个——知道它是为僧团而施的——我挪为己用了，将被舍出。我把它舍给你。」 |
| To return the article: | 归还该物品： |
| Imaṁ āyasmato dammi. |
* * *
| VII. Pali formulae: Confession | 七、巴利公式：忏悔罪行 |
| Six types of offense may be absolved through confession: thullaccaya, nissaggiya pācittiya, pācittiya, pāṭidesanīya, dukkaṭa, and dubbhāsita. | 六种罪可以透过忏悔罪行而得到赦免（清净）：《偷兰遮》(thullaccaya)、《尼萨耆波逸提》（nissaggiya pācittiya 《舍堕》）、《波逸提》(pācittiya)、《应悔过》(pāṭidesanīya)、《突吉罗》（dukkaṭa 恶作）和《恶说》(dubbhāsita)。 |
| The formula for confessing a pāṭidesanīya is given in the training rules themselves: | 忏悔《应悔过》的公式在其学处中已给出： |
Gārayhaṁ āvuso dhammaṁ āpajjiṁ asappāyaṁ pāṭidesanīyaṁ. Taṁ paṭidesemi,
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which means, “Friend, I have committed a blameworthy, unsuitable act that ought to be acknowledged. I acknowledge it.”
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意思是，「朋友，我犯了应受谴责的不当行为，应当悔过。我悔过。」
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| The five remaining types of offenses are confessed as follows: One arranges one’s upper robe over the left shoulder, approaches another bhikkhu, kneels down and, with hands raised palm-to-palm over the heart, repeats the formula of confession. The bhikkhu to whom the offense is to be confessed must be part of the same affiliation—i.e., he does not belong to another affiliation and has not been suspended from one’s own affiliation—and he must not be guilty, without having made confession, of the same offense that one is confessing. | 其余五种罪行忏悔方法如下：将上衣[郁多罗僧]偏袒右肩（覆盖左肩），走到另一位比丘面前，跪下，双手合十举过心口，重复忏悔罪行的公式。对其忏悔的比丘必须是属于共同羯磨的僧团——即他不属于其他羯磨的僧团，且未被共同羯磨的僧团举罪——并且他本人不得犯有与忏悔者所忏悔的相同罪行，却仍未忏悔该罪行。 |
| If all the bhikkhus in a particular residence are guilty of the same offense, one of them must go to another residence to confess the offense and then return to let the remaining bhikkhus confess their offenses face-to-face with him, or one after another face-to-face with those who have already confessed. If this cannot be arranged, then on the day of the Pāṭimokkha recitation one of the bhikkhus should announce the fact of their common offense in the midst of the gathering. Only then may they go ahead with the recitation. | 若某住处所有比丘皆犯同一罪行，则其中须有一人前往另一住处忏悔罪行，然后返回，让其余比丘对其当面忏悔罪行，或依次与已忏悔者当面忏悔罪行。若无法安排此事，则于念诵《波罗提木叉》之日，其中一位比丘应在聚集时公开其共同罪行，方可继续诵戒。 |
| As bhikkhus are supposed to be pure of unconfessed offenses before listening to the Pāṭimokkha, a bhikkhu who listens to the Pāṭimokkha knowing that he has an unconfessed offense must tell one of his neighboring bhikkhus of the offense when the recitation comes to the relevant rule. At the same time, he must promise that he will confess it when the recitation is over. Otherwise, if he tells no one, he incurs a dukkaṭa (Mv.II.3.7). | 比丘在聆听《波罗提木叉》之前，应当清净而无未忏悔的罪行。因此，若比丘明知自己有未忏悔的罪行，在聆听《波罗提木叉》时，当诵读到相关戒条时，必须告知邻座比丘之一。同时，他必须承诺在诵戒结束时将忏悔之。否则，若他未告知任何人，犯《突吉罗》（《大品》.二.3.7）。 |
| The Cullavagga (IV.14.30) gives a formula for confessing an offense face-to-face with another bhikkhu: | 《小品》（四.14.30）给了一个当面向另一位比丘忏悔罪行的公式： |
Ahaṁ āvuso itthannāmaṁ āpattiṁ āpanno. Taṁ paṭidesemi,
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which means, “Friend, I have fallen into an offense of such-and-such a name. I acknowledge it.”
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意思是，「朋友，我犯了某某罪，我承认忏悔之。」
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| The bhikkhu receiving the confession says, | 接受忏悔的比丘说， |
Passasi?
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which means, “Do you see (the offense)?”
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意思是，「你见到（该罪）了吗？」
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| The bhikkhu confessing the offense says, | 忏悔的比丘说， |
Āma, passāmi,
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which means, “Yes, I see it.”
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意思是，「是的，我见到了。」
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| The bhikkhu receiving the confession then says, | 接受忏悔的比丘接著说， |
Āyatiṁ saṁvareyyāsi,
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which means, “You should restrain yourself in the future.”
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意思是，「你以后应该克制自己。」
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| MN 104 gives some variations on this formula. To begin with, it notes that if the bhikkhu confessing the offense is junior to the one receiving his confession, he should first arrange his upper robe over one shoulder, bow down to the senior bhikkhu, sit in a kneeling position with his hands palm-to-palm over his heart, and state his confession. At the conclusion of the formula, the senior bhikkhu should advise restraint by saying, | 《中部》104经给了一些关于此公式的变体。首先，它指出，如果忏悔的比丘比接受忏悔的比丘戒腊低，他应该先将上衣[郁多罗僧]搭在一侧肩膀上（偏袒右肩），向戒腊高的比丘顶礼，然后跪坐，双手合十放在心口前，陈述他的忏悔。在公式的结论时，戒腊高的比丘应该劝诫他克制，说： |
Āyatiṁ saṁvaraṁ āpajjeyyāsi.
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which means, “You should achieve restraint in the future.”
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意思是，「你以后应该有所克制。」
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| The bhikkhu confessing the offense then replies, | 忏悔罪行的比丘接著回答， |
Saṁvaraṁ āpajjissāmi.
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which means, “I will achieve restraint.”
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意思是，「我将有所克制。」
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| The formula most generally used at present in Thailand is expanded from these patterns. Following MN 104, the confessant vows to exercise restraint at the end of the formula, but the vow is worded to follow the pattern set in Cv IV.14.30. Also, in his original confession, he includes the words “many” and “of various sorts” to qualify the word, “offenses.” This latter change is meant to streamline the confession. Rather than confessing each offense of a particular class separately, one gathers them into a single statement. As one is allowed to confess more offenses than one has actually committed, and as it is possible in some cases to commit offenses unknowingly, the current formula has been adopted to cover such unwitting offenses. In this context, the phrase, “I see,” in the confession means, “I see that I may have committed an offense unknowingly.” Thus it is not a lie. | 目前泰国最常用的公式是在这些模式的基础上扩展而来的。根据《中部》104经，忏悔者在公式结尾发誓要克制自己，但誓言的措辞遵循《小品》 四.14.30 的模式。此外，在他原本的忏悔中，他用「许多」和「各种各样的」这两个词来限定「罪行」一词。后一项改动旨在简化忏悔。将它们合并成一份陈述，而非单独忏悔某一类的每一个罪行。由于允许忏悔的罪行超过实际犯下的罪行，并且在某些情况下可能在不知情的情况下犯下罪行，目前的公式被采用来涵盖了此类无意犯罪。在这种脉络下，忏悔中的「我明白」的措辞意味著「我明白我可能在不知情的情况下犯下了罪行」。因此，这并非谎言。 |
| Because the formula is repeated by every bhikkhu before the recitation of the Pāṭimokkha, the procedure has become little more than a formality. The Vinaya-mukha thus recommends that a bhikkhu conscious of having committed a particular offense should mention it to the other bhikkhu in their own language before making use of the Pali formula. | 由于每位比丘在诵《波罗提木叉》之前都要重复此公式，因此这项程序已沦为形式。《戒律入口》因此建议，意识到自己犯了某种罪行的比丘，在使用巴利公式之前，应用他们自己的语言告知另一位比丘。 |
| If the bhikkhu making confession is junior to the one receiving the confession, the exchange is as follows (taking dukkaṭa offenses as an example): | 如果忏悔的比丘戒腊比接受忏悔的比丘低，则替换如下（以《突吉罗》罪为例）： |
Confessant: Ahaṁ bhante sambahulā nānā-vatthukāyo dukkaṭāyo āpattiyo āpanno. Tā paṭidesemi.
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忏悔者：Ahaṁ bhante sambahulā nānā-vatthukāyo dukkaṭāyo āpattiyo āpanno. Tā paṭidesemi.
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Recipient: Passasi āvuso?
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接受者：Passasi āvuso?
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C: Āma bhante, passāmi.
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忏：Āma bhante, passāmi.
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R: Āyatiṁ āvuso saṁvareyyāsi.
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受：Āyatiṁ āvuso saṁvareyyāsi.
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C: Sādhu suṭṭhu bhante saṁvarissāmi. (Three times.)
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忏：Sādhu suṭṭhu bhante saṁvarissāmi. (三次)
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This last sentence means, “Very well, venerable sir, I will be restrained,” and is taken from the Commentary.
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最后这句话的意思是：「善哉，尊者，我会克制自己」，摘自《义注》。
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| If the bhikkhu making confession is senior to the other bhikkhu, the exchange is as follows: | 如果忏悔的比丘戒腊比另一位比丘高，则替换如下： |
C: Ahaṁ āvuso sambahulā nānā-vatthukāyo dukkaṭāyo āpattiyo āpanno. Tā paṭidesemi.
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忏：Ahaṁ āvuso sambahulā nānā-vatthukāyo dukkaṭāyo āpattiyo āpanno. Tā paṭidesemi.
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R: Passatha bhante?
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受：Passatha bhante?
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C: Āma āvuso, passāmi.
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忏：Āma āvuso, passāmi.
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R: Āyatiṁ bhante saṁvareyyātha.
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受：Āyatiṁ bhante saṁvareyyātha.
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C: Sādhu suṭṭhu āvuso saṁvarissāmi. (Three times.)
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忏：Sādhu suṭṭhu āvuso saṁvarissāmi. (三次)
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For other categories of offenses, change dukkaṭāyo to
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对于其他类别的罪行，将 dukkaṭāyo 改为
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thullaccayāyo,
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nissaggiyāyo pācittiyāyo,
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pācittiyāyo, or
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pācittiyāyo, 或
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dubbhāsitāyo,
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| as the case may be. In confessing dubbhāsita offenses, drop the word nānā-vatthukāyo, as there is only one rule in this class. | 视情况而定。在忏悔《恶说》(dubbhāsita)罪时，省略「nānā-vatthukāyo」一词，因为此类别里只有一条戒条。 |
* * *
| VIII. Pali formulae: Transaction Statements | 八、巴利公式：羯磨文 |
Rebukes
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诃责
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Sg 10: Agitating for a schism
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《僧残》十：煽动破和合僧
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu samaggassa saṅghassa bhedāya parakkamati. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāseyya tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu samaggassa saṅghassa bhedāya parakkamati. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu samaggassa saṅghassa bhedāya parakkamati. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi… so bhāseyya. | |
| Samanubhaṭṭho saṅghena Itthannāmo bhikkhu tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name) is agitating for a schism in a united Community. He does not relinquish that point. If the Community is ready, it should rebuke Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（姓名）正在和合的僧团里煽动分裂，他不放弃这一立场。如果僧团准备就绪，应该诃责这位比丘（姓名），让他放弃这一立场。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name) is agitating for a schism in a united Community. He does not relinquish that point. The Community rebukes Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. He to whom the rebuke of Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（姓名）正在和合的僧团里煽动分裂，他不放弃这一立场。僧团为了使其放弃这一立场而诃责比丘（姓名）。凡同意为了使其放弃这一立场而诃责比丘（姓名）者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been rebuked by the Community for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 为了使其放弃这一立场，比丘（姓名）已受到僧团的诃责。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Sg 11: Following an agitator for a schism
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《僧残》十一：追随煽动破和合僧者
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Itthannāmo ca Itthannāmo ca bhikkhū Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno saṅghabhedāya parakkamantassa anuvattakā vaggavādakā. Te taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjanti. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmañ-ca Itthannāmañ-ca bhikkhū samanubhāseyya tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Itthannāmo ca Itthannāmo ca bhikkhū Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno saṅghabhedāya parakkamantassa anuvattakā vaggavādakā. Te taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjanti. Saṅgho Itthannāmañ-ca Itthannāmañ-ca bhikkhū samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa ca Itthannāmassa ca bhikkhūnaṁ samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Itthannāmo ca Itthannāmo ca bhikkhū Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno saṅghabhedāya parakkamantassa anuvattakā vaggavādakā. Te taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjanti. Saṅgho Itthannāmañ-ca Itthannāmañ-ca bhikkhū samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa ca Itthannāmassa ca bhikkhūnaṁ samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi… so bhāseyya. | |
| Samanubhaṭṭhā saṅghena Itthannāmo ca Itthannāmo ca bhikkhū tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) are followers and partisans of Bhikkhu (name), who is agitating for a schism in the Community. They do not relinquish that point. If the Community is ready, it should rebuke Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名）是正在僧团里煽动分裂的比丘（姓名）的追随者和拥护者。他们不放弃这一立场。如果僧团准备就绪，应该诃责比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名），以使其放弃这一立场。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) are followers and partisans of Bhikkhu (name), who is agitating for a schism in the Community. They do not relinquish that point. The Community rebukes Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. He to whom the rebuke of Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名）是正在僧团里煽动分裂的比丘（姓名）的追随者和拥护者。他们不放弃这一立场。僧团为了使其放弃这一立场，诃责比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名）。凡同意为了使其放弃这一立场而诃责比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名）者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) and Bhikkhu (name) have been rebuked by the Community for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 为了使其放弃这一立场，比丘（姓名）和比丘（姓名）已受到僧团的诃责。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Sg 12: Making oneself unadmonishable
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《僧残》十二：使自己不受劝诫
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu bhikkhūhi sahadhammikaṁ vuccamāno attānaṁ avacanīyaṁ karoti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāseyya tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu bhikkhūhi sahadhammikaṁ vuccamāno attānaṁ avacanīyaṁ karoti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu bhikkhūhi sahadhammikaṁ vuccamāno attānaṁ avacanīyaṁ karoti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi… so bhāseyya. | |
| Samanubhaṭṭho saṅghena Itthannāmo bhikkhu tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when legitimately admonished by the bhikkhus, makes himself unadmonishable. He does not relinquish that point. If the Community is ready, it should rebuke Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（姓名），当受到比丘们的正当劝诫时，使自己不受劝诫。他不放弃这一立场。如果僧团准备就绪，应该诃责比丘（姓名），以使其放弃这一立场。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when legitimately admonished by the bhikkhus, makes himself unadmonishable. He does not relinquish that point. The Community rebukes Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. He to whom the rebuke of Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（姓名），当受到比丘们的正当劝诫时，使自己不受劝诫。他不放弃这一立场。僧团为了使其放弃这一立场，诃责比丘（姓名）。凡同意为了使其放弃这一立场而诃责比丘（姓名）者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been rebuked by the Community for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 为了使其放弃这一立场，比丘（姓名）已受到僧团的诃责。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Sg 13: Criticizing a banishment transaction
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《僧残》十三：批评驱出羯磨
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu, saṅghena pabbājanīya-kammakato, bhikkhū chandagāmitā, dosagāmitā, mohagāmitā, bhayagāmitā pāpeti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāseyya tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu, saṅghena pabbājanīya-kammakato, bhikkhū chandagāmitā, dosagāmitā, mohagāmitā, bhayagāmitā pāpeti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu, saṅghena pabbājanīya-kammakato, bhikkhū chandagāmitā, dosagāmitā, mohagāmitā, bhayagāmitā pāpeti. So taṁ vatthuṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi… so bhāseyya. | |
| Samanubhaṭṭho saṅghena Itthannāmo bhikkhu tassa vatthussa paṭinissaggāya. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), on whom the Community has imposed a banishment transaction, defames the bhikkhus with a bias through desire, a bias through aversion, a bias through delusion, a bias through fear. He does not relinquish that point. If the Community is ready, it should rebuke Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。。这位比丘（姓名），被僧团施以驱出羯磨，却透过贪欲的偏见、透过瞋恨的偏见、透过愚痴的偏见、透过恐惧的偏见而诋毁比丘。他不放弃这一立场。如果僧团准备就绪，应该诃责比丘（姓名），以使其放弃这一立场。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), on whom the Community has imposed a banishment transaction, defames the bhikkhus with a bias through desire, a bias through aversion, a bias through delusion, a bias through fear. He does not relinquish that point. The Community rebukes Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point. He to whom the rebuke of Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that point is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（姓名），被僧团施以驱出羯磨，却透过贪欲的偏见、透过瞋恨的偏见、透过愚痴的偏见、透过恐惧的偏见而诋毁比丘。他不放弃这一立场。僧团为了使其放弃这一立场，诃责比丘（姓名）。凡同意为了使其放弃这一立场而诃责比丘（姓名）者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been rebuked by the Community for the sake of relinquishing that point. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 为了使其放弃这一立场，比丘（姓名）已受到僧团的诃责。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Pc 68: Holding an evil view
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《波逸提》六八：持邪见
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno evarūpaṁ pāpakaṁ diṭṭhigataṁ uppannaṁ, “Tathāhaṁ bhagavatā dhammaṁ desitaṁ ājānāmi, yathā ye’me antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā, te paṭisevato nālaṁ antarāyāyā” ti. So taṁ diṭṭhiṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāseyya tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno evarūpaṁ pāpakaṁ diṭṭhigataṁ uppannaṁ, “Tathāhaṁ bhagavatā dhammaṁ desitaṁ ājānāmi, yathā ye’me antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā, te paṭisevato nālaṁ antarāyāyā” ti. So taṁ diṭṭhiṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno evarūpaṁ pāpakaṁ diṭṭhigataṁ uppannaṁ, “Tathāhaṁ bhagavatā dhammaṁ desitaṁ ājānāmi, yathā ye’me antarāyikā dhammā vuttā bhagavatā, te paṭisevato nālaṁ antarāyāyā” ti. So taṁ diṭṭhiṁ nappaṭinissajjati. Saṅgho Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ samanubhāsati tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno samanubhāsanā tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi… so bhāseyya. | |
| Samanubhaṭṭho saṅghena Itthannāmo bhikkhu tassā diṭṭhiyā paṭinissaggāya. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. An evil viewpoint of this sort has arisen in Bhikkhu (name): “As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, those acts the Blessed One says are obstructive, when engaged in are not genuine obstructions.” He does not relinquish that view. If the Community is ready, it should rebuke Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that view. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（名）了这样一种邪见：「据我理解世尊所教导的佛法，世尊所说的那些障碍行为，去从事时并非真正的障碍。」他不放弃该见。如果僧团准备就绪，应该诃责比丘（姓名），以使其放弃该见。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. An evil viewpoint of this sort has arisen in Bhikkhu (name): “As I understand the Dhamma taught by the Blessed One, those acts the Blessed One says are obstructive, when engaged in are not genuine obstructions.” He does not relinquish that view. The Community rebukes Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that view. He to whom the rebuke of Bhikkhu (name) for the sake of relinquishing that view is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（名）了这样一种邪见：「据我理解世尊所教导的佛法，世尊所说的那些障碍行为，去从事时并非真正的障碍。」他不放弃该见。僧团为了使其放弃该见，诃责比丘（名）。凡同意为了使其放弃该见而诃责比丘（名）者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been rebuked by the Community for the sake of relinquishing that view. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 为了使其放弃该见，比丘（名）已受到僧团的诃责。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Verdicts
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判决
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A. A verdict of mindfulness
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A. 正念判决
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To request this verdict, a bhikkhu should arrange his robe over one shoulder, approach the Community, bow down to the feet of the senior bhikkhus and, while kneeling with his hands palm-to-palm over his heart, say:
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请求此判决时，比丘应将其袈裟搭在一侧肩上[偏袒右肩]，来到僧团面前，向上座比丘的脚顶礼，当跪下时，双手合十放在心口前，说道：
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Maṁ bhante bhikkhū amūlikāya sīla-vipattiyā anuddhaṁsenti. So’haṁ bhante sati-vepullappatto saṅghaṁ sati-vinayaṁ yācāmi.
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| Maṁ bhante bhikkhū amūlikāya sīla-vipattiyā anuddhaṁsenti. So’haṁ sati-vepullappatto dutiyam-pi bhante saṅghaṁ sati-vinayaṁ yācāmi. | |
| Maṁ bhante bhikkhū amūlikāya sīla-vipattiyā anuddhaṁsenti. So’haṁ sati-vepullappatto tatiyam-pi bhante saṅghaṁ sati-vinayaṁ yācāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, bhikkhus have charged me groundlessly with a defect in virtue. I, having reached fullness of mindfulness, ask the Community for a verdict of mindfulness.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，比丘们无端指责我戒行有缺陷。我，已达到正念圆满，请求僧团正念判决。
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| Venerable sirs, bhikkhus have charged me groundlessly with a defect in virtue. I, having reached fullness of mindfulness, ask the Community a second time… a third time for a verdict of mindfulness. | 诸位尊者，比丘们无端指责我戒行有缺陷。我，已达到正念圆满，第二次…第三次请求僧团正念判决。 |
To give this verdict, an experienced and competent bhikkhu should inform the Community:
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要给予此判决，应该由一位经验丰富且称职的比丘告知僧团：
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Bhikkhū Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ amūlikāya sīla-vipattiyā anuddaṁsenti. So sati-vepullappatto saṅghaṁ sati-vinayaṁ yācati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno sati-vepullappattassa sati-vinayaṁ dadeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Bhikkhū Itthannāmaṁ bhikkhuṁ amūlikāya sīla-vipattiyā anuddaṁsenti. So sati-vepullappatto saṅghaṁ sati-vinayaṁ yācati. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno sati-vepullappattassa sati-vinayaṁ deti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno sati-vepullappattassa sati-vinayassa dānaṁ, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho…. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho…. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dinno saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno sati-vepullappattassa sati-vinayo. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. (Cv.IV.4.10; Cv.IV.14.27) | Dinno saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno sati-vepullappattassa sati-vinayo. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. (《小品》.四.4.10; 《小品》.四.14.27) |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. Bhikkhus have charged Bhikkhu (name) groundlessly with a defect in virtue. He, having reached fullness of mindfulness, asks the Community for a verdict of mindfulness. If the Community is ready, it should grant Bhikkhu (name), who has reached fullness of mindfulness, a verdict of mindfulness. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘们已无端指责比丘（名）戒行有缺陷。他，已达到正念圆满，请求僧团正念判决。如果僧团准备就绪，应该准予已达到正念圆满的比丘（名）正念判决。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. Bhikkhus have charged Bhikkhu (name) groundlessly with a defect in virtue. He, having reached fullness of mindfulness, asks the Community for a verdict of mindfulness. The Community grants Bhikkhu (name), who has reached fullness of mindfulness, a verdict of mindfulness. He to whom the granting of a verdict of mindfulness to Bhikkhu (name), who has reached fullness of mindfulness, is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘们已无端指责比丘（名）戒行有缺陷。他，已达到正念圆满，请求僧团正念判决。僧团准予已达到正念圆满的比丘（名）正念判决。凡同意准予已达到正念圆满的比丘（名）正念判决者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name), who has reached fullness of mindfulness, has been granted a verdict of mindfulness by the Community. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 已达到正念圆满的比丘（名）已被僧团准予正念判决。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
B. A verdict of past insanity
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B. 不痴判决
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To request this verdict, a bhikkhu should arrange his robe over one shoulder, approach the Community, bow down to the feet of the senior bhikkhus and, while kneeling with his hands palm-to-palm over his heart, say:
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请求此判决时，比丘应将其袈裟搭在一侧肩上[偏袒右肩]，来到僧团面前，向上座比丘的脚顶礼，当跪下时，双手合十放在心口前，说道：
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Ahaṁ bhante ummattako ahosiṁ citta-vipariyāsakato. Tena me ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Maṁ bhikkhū ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena ajjhāciṇṇena āpattiyā codenti, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” Ty’āhaṁ evaṁ vadāmi, “Ahaṁ kho āvuso ummattako ahosiṁ citta-vipariyāsakato. Tena me ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Nāhan’taṁ sarāmi. Mūḷhena me etaṁ katanti.” Evam-pi maṁ vuccamānā codent’eva, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” So’haṁ bhante amūḷho saṅghaṁ amūḷha-vinayaṁ yācāmi.
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| Ahaṁ bhante ummattako ahosiṁ…. So’haṁ amūḷho dutiyam-pi bhante saṅghaṁ amūḷha-vinayaṁ yācāmi. | |
| Ahaṁ bhante ummattako ahosiṁ…. So’haṁ bhante amūḷho tatiyam-pi bhante saṅghaṁ amūḷha-vinayaṁ yācāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, I have been mad, out of my mind. While I was mad, out of my mind, I committed much and prevaricated about much in a way that was unworthy of a contemplative. Bhikkhus charge me with an offense committed while I was mad, out of my mind: “Let the venerable one recall (§) having fallen into an offense of this sort.” I say to them, “Friends, I have been mad, out of my mind. While I was mad, out of my mind, I committed much and prevaricated about much in a way that was unworthy of a contemplative. I don’t recall that. It was done by me through insanity.” But even though I have told them this, they charge me as before: “Let the venerable one recall having fallen into an offense of this sort.” I, no longer insane, ask the Community for a verdict of past insanity.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，我曾经处于疯狂状态，神智不清。在我疯狂、神智不清之时，我犯下了许多罪行，也说了许多不实之言，有失一个沙门的身份。比丘们指责我疯狂、神智不清时所犯的罪行：「尊者，请回想（§）曾犯下此类罪过。」我告诉他们：「朋友们，我曾处于疯狂状态，神智不清。在我疯狂、神智不清之时，我犯下了许多罪行，也说了许多不实之言，有失一个沙门的身份。我不记得这件事了。那是我精神错乱时做的事。」但即便我已经告诉他们这一点，他们仍像之前一样指责我：「尊者，请回想（§）曾犯下此类罪过。」我已不再精神错乱，请求僧团不痴判决。
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| Venerable sirs I have been mad, out of my mind… I, no longer insane, ask the Community a second time… a third time for a verdict of past insanity. | 诸位尊者，我曾经处于疯狂状态，神智不清…我，已不再精神错乱，第二次…第三次请求僧团不痴判决。 |
To give this verdict, an experienced and competent bhikkhu should inform the Community:
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要给予此判决，应该由一位经验丰富且称职的比丘告知僧团：
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu ummattako ahosi citta-vipariyāsakato. Tena ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Taṁ bhikkhū ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena ajjhāciṇṇena āpattiyā codenti, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” So evaṁ vadeti, “Ahaṁ kho āvuso ummattako ahosiṁ citta-vipariyāsakato. Tena me ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Nāhan’taṁ sarāmi, mūḷhena me etaṁ katanti.” Evam-pi naṁ vuccamānā codent’eva, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” So amūḷho saṅghaṁ amūḷha-vinayaṁ yācati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno amūḷha-vinayaṁ dadeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu ummattako ahosi citta-vipariyāsakato, tena ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Taṁ bhikkhū ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena ajjhāciṇṇena āpattiyā codenti, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” So evaṁ vadeti, “Ahaṁ kho āvuso ummattako ahosiṁ citta-vipariyāsakato. Tena me ummattakena citta-vipariyāsakatena bahuṁ assāmaṇakaṁ ajjhāciṇṇaṁ bhāsita-parikkantaṁ. Nāhan’taṁ sarāmi. Mūḷhena me etaṁ katanti.” Evam-pi naṁ vuccamānā codent’eva, “Sarat’āyasmā evarūpiṁ āpattiṁ āpajjitāti.” So amūḷho saṅghaṁ amūḷha-vinayaṁ yācati. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno amūḷhassa amūḷha-vinayaṁ deti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno amūḷhassa amūḷha-vinayassa dānaṁ, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dutiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho…. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Tatiyam-pi etam-atthaṁ vadāmi. Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho…. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dinno saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno amūḷhassa amūḷha-vinayo. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. (Cv. IV.5.2; Cv.IV.14.28) | Dinno saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno amūḷhassa amūḷha-vinayo. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. (《小品》.四.5.2; 《小品》.四.14.28) |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name) has been mad, out of his mind. While he was mad, out of his mind, he committed much and prevaricated about much in a way that was unworthy of a contemplative. Bhikkhus charge him with an offense committed while he was mad, out of his mind: “Let the venerable one recall having fallen into an offense of this sort.” He says to them, “Friends, I have been mad, out of my mind. While I was mad, out of my mind, I committed much and prevaricated about much in a way that was unworthy of a contemplative. I don’t recall that. It was done by me through insanity.” But even though he has told them this, they charge him as before: “Let the venerable one recall having fallen into an offense of this sort.” He, no longer insane, asks the Community for a verdict of past insanity. If the Community is ready, it should grant Bhikkhu (name), who is no longer insane, a verdict of past insanity. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（名）曾经处于疯狂状态，神智不清。在他疯狂、神智不清之时，他犯下了许多罪行，也说了许多不实之言，有失一个沙门的身份。比丘们指责他疯狂、神智不清时所犯的罪行：「尊者，请回想曾犯下此类罪过。」他告诉他们：「朋友们，我曾处于疯狂状态，神智不清。在我疯狂、神智不清之时，我犯下了许多罪行，也说了许多不实之言，有失一个沙门的身份。我不记得这件事了。那是我精神错乱时做的事。」但即便他已经告诉他们这一点，他们仍像之前一样指责他：「尊者，请回想曾犯下此类罪过。」他，已不再精神错乱，请求僧团正念判决。如果僧团准备就绪，应该准予已不再精神错乱的比丘（名）不痴判决。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name) has been mad, out of his mind. While he was mad, out of his mind, he committed much and prevaricated about much in a way that was unworthy of a contemplative…. He, no longer insane, asks the Community for a verdict of past insanity. The Community grants Bhikkhu (name), who is no longer insane, a verdict of past insanity. He to whom the granting of a verdict of past insanity to Bhikkhu (name), who is no longer insane, is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。比丘（名）曾经处于疯狂状态，神智不清。在他疯狂、神智不清之时，他犯下了许多罪行，也说了许多不实之言，有失一个沙门的身份…。他，已不再精神错乱，请求僧团不痴判决。僧团准予已不再精神错乱的比丘（名）不痴判决。凡同意准予已不再精神错乱的比丘（名）不痴判决者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| A second time…. A third time I speak about this matter. Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me…. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 第二次……第三次，我谈到此事。诸位尊者，请僧团听我说……凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name), who is no longer insane, has been granted a verdict of past insanity by the Community. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 已不再精神错乱的比丘（名）已被僧团准予不痴判决。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Others
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其他
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NP 2: Authorization to be apart from one’s triple robe
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《舍堕》二：授权与三衣分离
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To request this authorization, a bhikkhu should arrange his robe over one shoulder, approach the Community, bow down to the feet of the senior bhikkhus and, while kneeling with his hands palm-to-palm over his heart, say:
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请求此授权时，比丘应将其袈裟搭在一侧肩上[偏袒右肩]，来到僧团面前，向上座比丘的脚顶礼，当跪下时，双手合十放在心口前，说道：
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Ahaṁ bhante gilāno. Na sakkomi ticīvaramādāya pakkamituṁ. So’ham bhante saṅghaṁ ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ yācāmi. (three times)
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Ahaṁ bhante gilāno. Na sakkomi ticīvaramādāya pakkamituṁ. So’ham bhante saṅghaṁ ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ yācāmi. (三次)
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This means, Venerable sirs, I am ill. I am not able to leave taking my triple robe along. I ask the Community for an authorization (declaring me as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，我有病。我无法带著我的三衣离开。我请求僧团授权（声明）我不住与三衣分离。
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To give this authorization, an experienced and competent bhikkhu should inform the Community:
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要给予此授权，应该由一位经验丰富且称职的比丘告知僧团：
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu gilāno. Na sakkoti ticīvaramādāya pakkamituṁ. So saṅghaṁ ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ yācati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ dadeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu gilāno. Na sakkoti ticīvaramādāya pakkamituṁ. So saṅghaṁ ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ yācati. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiṁ deti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammatiyā dānaṁ, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Dinnā saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno ticīvarena avippavāsa-sammati. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), is ill. He is not able to leave taking his triple robe along. He asks the Community for an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe. If the Community is ready, it should grant Bhikkhu (name) an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）有病。他无法携带三衣离开。他请求僧团授权（声明他为）不住与三衣分离。如果僧团准备就绪，应该准予比丘（名）的授权（声明他为）不住与三衣分离。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name) is ill. He is not able to leave taking his triple robe along. He asks the Community for an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe. The Community is granting Bhikkhu (name) an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe. He to whom the granting of an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe to Bhikkhu (name) is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）有病。他无法携带三衣离开。僧团正准予比丘（名）授权（声明他为）不住与三衣分离。凡同意准予授权比丘（名）（声明他为）不住与三衣分离者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name) has been granted by the Community an authorization (declaring him as) not dwelling apart from the triple robe. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 比丘（名）已被僧团准予授权（声明他为）不住与三衣分离。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Pc 12: Evasion
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《波逸提》十二：回避
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghamajjhe āpattiyā anuyuñjiyamāno aññenaññaṁ paṭicarati. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno aññavādakaṁ ropeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghamajjhe āpattiyā anuyuñjiyamāno aññenaññaṁ paṭicarati. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno aññavādakaṁ ropeti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno aññavādakassa ropanā, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Ropitaṁ saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno aññavādakaṁ. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when questioned in the midst of the Community about an offense, evades one question with another. If the Community is ready, it should make public Bhikkhu (name)’s evasive speech. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）在僧团中被问及罪行时，用另一个问题来回避问题。如果僧团准备就绪，应该公开这位比丘（名）的回避之言。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when questioned in the midst of the Community about an offense, evades one question with another. The Community makes public Bhikkhu (name)’s evasive speech. He to whom the making public of Bhikkhu (name)’s evasive speech is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）在僧团中被问及罪行时，用另一个问题来回避问题。僧团公开这位比丘（名）的回避之言。凡同意公开这位比丘（名）的回避之言者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name)’s evasive speech has been made public by the Community. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 比丘（名）的回避之言已被僧团公开。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Pc 12: Frustrating the Community
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《波逸提》十二：挫折僧团
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghamajjhe āpattiyā anuyuñjiyamāno tuṇhībhūto saṅghaṁ viheseti. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno vihesakaṁ ropeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu saṅghamajjhe āpattiyā anuyuñjiyamāno tuṇhībhūto saṅghaṁ viheseti. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno vihesakaṁ ropeti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno vihesakassa ropanā, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Ropitaṁ saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno vihesakaṁ. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when questioned in the midst of the Community about an offense, frustrates the Community by remaining silent. If the Community is ready, it should make public Bhikkhu (name)’s act of causing frustration. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）在僧团中被问及罪行时，借由保持沉默来挫折僧团。如果僧团准备就绪，应该公开这位比丘（名）造成挫折的行为。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when questioned in the midst of the Community about an offense, frustrates the Community by remaining silent. The Community makes public Bhikkhu (name)’s act of causing frustration. He to whom the making public of Bhikkhu (name)’s act of causing frustration is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名）在僧团中被问及罪行时，借由保持沉默来挫折僧团。僧团公开这位比丘（名）造成挫折的行为。凡同意公开这位比丘（名）造成挫折的行为者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name)’s act of causing frustration has been made public by the Community. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 比丘（名）造成挫折的行为已被僧团公开。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
Pc 73: Deceit
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《波逸提》七三：欺骗
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Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu pāṭimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṁ aṭṭhikatvā manasikaroti. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṁ, saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohaṁ āropeyya. Esā ñatti.
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| Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho. Ayaṁ Itthannāmo bhikkhu pāṭimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṁ aṭṭhikatvā manasikaroti. Saṅgho Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohaṁ āropeti. Yass’āyasmato khamati, Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohassa āropanā, so tuṇh’assa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya. | |
| Āropito saṅghena Itthannāmassa bhikkhuno moho. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī. Evam-etaṁ dhārayāmi. | |
This means, Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when the Pāṭimokkha is being recited, does not pay attention, properly taking it to heart. If the Community is ready, it should expose Bhikkhu (name)’s deceit. This is the motion.
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这个意思是，诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名），在诵念《波罗提木叉》时，并未认真聆听，未真正把它铭记于心。如果僧团准备就绪，应该揭露这位比丘（名）的欺骗行为。此为动议[表白]。
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| Venerable sirs, may the Community listen to me. This Bhikkhu (name), when the Pāṭimokkha is being recited, does not pay attention, properly taking it to heart. The Community exposes Bhikkhu (name)’s deceit. He to whom the exposing of Bhikkhu (name)’s deceit is agreeable should remain silent. He to whom it is not agreeable should speak. | 诸位尊者，请僧团听我说。这位比丘（名），在诵念《波罗提木叉》时，并未认真聆听，未真正把它铭记于心。僧团揭露比丘（名）的欺骗行为。凡同意揭露比丘（名）的欺骗行为者，应保持沉默；凡不同意者，应发言。 |
| Bhikkhu (name)’s deceit has been exposed by the Community. This is agreeable to the Community, therefore it is silent. Thus do I hold it. | 比丘（名）的欺骗行为者已被僧团揭露。僧团对此表示赞同，因此保持沉默。此事我如是持。 |
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IX. Thullaccaya offenses
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九、《偷兰遮》罪
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| Rules entailing thullaccaya offenses are found in the Sutta Vibhaṅga as derivatives from pārājika and saṅghādisesa rules; in the Khandhakas, as stand-alone rules. The fact that they are scattered throughout the Canon with no special arrangement or section of their own makes it difficult to determine whether one has committed an offense of this class. To lessen this difficulty, they are gathered here. For thullaccayas in the Sutta Vibhaṅga, I have provided summaries in my own words. For those in the Khandhakas, I have given the rules in their original form, arranging them in the order in which they are found in BMC2. | 《经分别》中收录了与《偷兰遮》相关的戒条，这些戒条衍生自于《波罗夷》和《僧残》的戒条；《犍度》中的收录则为独立的戒条。由于这些戒条散见于整个《圣典》，没有专门的章节或安排，因此难以确定是否犯了这类罪行。为了减轻这种困难，在此将其收集起来。对于《经分别》中的《偷兰遮》，我用自己的语言提供了摘要。对于《犍度》中的《偷兰遮》，我则提供了戒条的原文，并按照它们在《佛教比丘戒律 第二册》中的顺序排列。 |
Thullaccayas in the Sutta Vibhaṅga
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《经分别》里的《偷兰遮》
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Under Pr 1:
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《波罗夷》一之下：
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A bhikkhu inserts his penis into a wound on a corpse: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘将阴茎插入尸体的伤口：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| A bhikkhu attempts intercourse with the decomposed mouth, anus, or genitals of a corpse: a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘试图与尸体的腐烂的嘴、肛门或生殖器性交：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Pr 2:
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《波罗夷》二之下：
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A bhikkhu steals an article worth more than one māsaka but less than five: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘偷窃价值超过一摩沙迦但不足五摩沙迦的物品：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| A bhikkhu gets an accomplice to agree to steal an article worth at least five māsakas: a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘使同伙同意偷窃价值至少五摩沙迦的物品：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| A bhikkhu performs any of the following steps in stealing an article worth at least five māsakas, defined by what constitutes moving the article: | 比丘在偷窃价值至少五摩沙迦的物品时，执行了以下任何一种步骤，比丘执行以下任何步骤，这些步骤由什么构成移动物品来定义： |
Moving the object from its place: Making the object budge without fully moving it from its place: a thullaccaya offense.
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将物体从其所在位置移动：挪动物体而不将其完全从其所在位置移开：《偷兰遮》罪。
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“Cutting off” a fistful: Making the object budge without fully cutting off a fistful: a thullaccaya offense.
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「切掉」一把：挪动物体而不完全切掉一把：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Sticking a vessel into a pool of liquid or pile of objects and causing some of the pool or pile to enter the vessel: Making the pool or pile budge without fully getting five māsakas worth separated from the pool or pile and inside the vessel: a thullaccaya offense.
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将容器插入液体池或物体堆中，使池中或物体堆中的某些部分进入容器：挪动池中或物体堆，但将价值未达五摩沙迦的液体或物体从池中或物体堆中完全分离出来并放入容器中：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Removing entirely from the mouth of a container: Lifting the object: a thullaccaya offense. Bringing it up to the level of the mouth of the container: another thullaccaya offense.
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从容器口完全取出：提起物品：一次《偷兰遮》罪。将其举到容器口的高度：另一次《偷兰遮》罪。
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Drinking liquid from a container: Drinking between one and five māsakas’ worth of liquid: a thullaccaya offense.
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饮用容器中液体：饮用价值相当于一到五个摩沙迦的液体：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Moving the object from one part of one’s body to another or dropping it: Moving it but not to the point of putting it on another part of the body or dropping it: a thullaccaya offense.
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将物体从身体的一个部位移到另一个部位或将其丢弃：移动物体，但仍未达到将其放在身体的另一个部位或丢弃之：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Causing a boat to move a hair-breadth upstream, downstream, or across a body of water: Making the boat rock without causing it to move a hair-breadth upstream, downstream, or across a body of water: a thullaccaya offense.
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让船只向上游、下游或横跨水体移动一丝一毫：使船只摇晃而不使其向上游、下游或横跨水体移动一丝一毫：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Breaking an embankment so that water flows out: Letting between one and five māsakas’ worth of water flow out: a thullaccaya offense.
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破坏堤坝，让水流出：让价值一到五摩沙迦的水流出：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Causing an animal to move all its feet: Getting it to move any of its feet prior to its moving its last foot: a thullaccaya offense for each step.
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让动物移动其所有脚：在它移动最后一只脚之前让它移动任何一只脚：每一步都是一次《偷兰遮》罪。
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Cutting down: The next-to -last chop needed to cut the plant through: a thullaccaya offense.
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砍伐：砍断植物所需的倒数第二次砍伐：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Causing the owner to give up efforts to regain possession of objects handed to one for safe keeping: Inducing doubt in the owner’s mind as to whether he/she will get the object back: a thullaccaya offense. If the case goes to court and the bhikkhu loses: another thullaccaya offense.
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使所有者放弃追回交由自己保管的物品的努力：使所有者心中怀疑能否取回物品：一次《偷兰遮》罪。如果案件诉诸法庭，而比丘败诉：另一次《偷兰遮》罪。
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Causing the owner to give up efforts to regain possession of land: Inducing doubt in the owner’s mind as to whether he/she will lose the land: a thullaccaya offense. Again, if the case goes to court and the bhikkhu loses: another thullaccaya offense.
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使所有者放弃收回土地的努力：使所有者心中怀疑自己是否会失去土地：一次《偷兰遮》罪。同样地，如果案件诉诸法庭，而比丘败诉：另一次《偷兰遮》罪。
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Shifting a boundary marker: Any steps between removing the boundary marker from its original place and putting it in a new place: a thullaccaya offense for each step.
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移动边界标记：将边界标记从其原来位置移除到将其放置在新位置之间的任何步骤：每一步都构成一次《偷兰遮》罪。
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Taking a dutiable item through a customs area without paying duty: Making the object move without fully moving it from the customs area: a thullaccaya offense.
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携带应税物品通过海关区域而不缴纳关税：使物品移动但未将其完全移出海关区域：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Pr 3:
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《波罗夷》三之下：
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A bhikkhu kills a “non-human being”—a yakkha, nāga, or peta: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘杀死「非人」——夜叉、龙、或鬼：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| A bhikkhu causes a human being to experience pain or injury as a result of his efforts to kill him/her: a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘因试图杀死他人而导致其遭受痛苦或伤害：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| A bhikkhu gets an accomplice to agree to kill a human being: a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘使同伙同意杀人：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| A bhikkhu tests a poison on a human being: a thullaccaya offense regardless of whether the human being dies. | 比丘在人身上试验毒药：无论该人是否死亡，都犯了《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Pr 4:
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《波罗夷》四之下：
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A bhikkhu means to lay false claim to one superior human state but actually lays false claim to another, while not being alert to what he is saying: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘本意是虚假地声称某种上人法，但实际上却虚假地声称另一种，而且没有意识到自己所说的话：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| A bhikkhu lays false claim to a superior human state, explicitly mentioning the state but without explicitly mentioning himself, fully aware that he is making such a claim: a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘虚假地声称某种上人法，明确提及该上人法，却不明确提及自己，并且完全清楚自己正在做出这样的声称：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Sg 1:
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《僧残》一之下：
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A bhikkhu makes an intentional effort to emit semen, but without reaching an emission: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘做出努力有意射精，但尚未达到射精：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 2:
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《僧残》二之下：
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Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu makes bodily contact with a paṇḍaka, a female yakkha, or a dead woman, perceiving his object correctly: a thullaccaya offense.
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受欲望驱使，比丘与黄门、女夜叉或死去的女人发生身体接触，并正确地感知到其对象：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu makes bodily contact with a woman while under the impression that she is something else—a paṇḍaka, a man, or an animal: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘与女人发生身体接触，却以为她是其他东西——黄门、男人、或动物：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu uses his body to make lustful contact with an article connected to a woman’s body: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘用自己的身体与女性身体上的物体进行淫欲接触：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu uses an item connected with his body to make lustful contact with a woman’s body: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘使用与自己身体相连的物品与女人的身体进行淫欲接触：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| A woman whom a bhikkhu perceives to be a woman makes an effort at a bhikkhu’s body using something connected to her body. The bhikkhu desires contact, makes an effort, and detects contact: a thullaccaya offense. | 一位比丘认为是女性的女人，用与她的身体相连的物品试图接触比丘的身体。比丘渴望接触，做出努力，并察觉到了接触：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| A woman whom a bhikkhu perceives to be a woman makes an effort at something connected to the bhikkhu’s body using her body. The bhikkhu desires contact, makes an effort, and detects contact: a thullaccaya offense. | 一位比丘认为是女性的女人，用她的身体去接触与比丘身体相连的东西。比丘渴望接触，做出努力，并察觉到了接触：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Sg 3:
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《僧残》三之下：
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Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu speaks to a woman he perceives to be a woman and refers to parts of her body—aside from her private parts—below her collarbone and above her knees: a thullaccaya offense.
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受欲望驱使，一位比丘对他认为是女性的女人说话，并提及她锁骨以下、膝盖以上的身体部位（私处除外）：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu speaks to a paṇḍaka he perceives to be a paṇḍaka and refers lustfully to his (the paṇḍaka’s) private parts or performing sexual intercourse: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘对他认为是黄门的黄门说话，并淫念地提及黄门的私处或进行性交：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu speaking to a woman whom he perceives to be a paṇḍaka, a man, or an animal, refers to her genitals, anus, or performing sexual intercourse: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘对他认为是黄门、男人、或动物的女人说话，提及她的生殖器、肛门或进行性交：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu speaking to a woman makes direct reference to her genitals or anus, but the woman doesn’t immediately understand that he is referring to those things: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘与女人交谈时直接提及她的生殖器或肛门，但该女人并未立即理解他指的是这些部位：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Sg 4:
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《僧残》四之下：
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Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu speaks to a paṇḍaka he perceives to be a paṇḍaka in praise of the paṇḍaka’s ministering to his (the bhikkhu’s) sensual needs, referring to sexual intercourse as a meritorious gift: a thullaccaya offense.
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受欲望驱使，比丘向他认为是黄门的黄门说话，赞扬黄门服侍他（比丘）的感官需求，称性交是一种功德布施：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| Impelled by lust, a bhikkhu makes such remarks to a woman he perceives to be a paṇḍaka, a man, or an animal: a thullaccaya offense. | 受欲望驱使，比丘对他认为是黄门、男人、或动物的女人说出这样的话：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Sg 5:
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《僧残》五之下：
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A bhikkhu performs any two of the three steps in a go-between’s role—accepting, inquiring, reporting—or gets someone else to perform any two of the three: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘作为中间人，执行了接受、询问、报告这三个步骤中的任意两个，或者让其他人执行了这三个步骤中的任意两个：《偷兰遮》罪。
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| A bhikkhu performs all three steps in a go-between’s role for a paṇḍaka (reading paṇḍake as the locative singular, which is called for in the grammatical context of the sentence): a thullaccaya offense. | 比丘作为中间人，为黄门（paṇḍaka）（将 paṇḍake 理解为方位格单数，这是句子的文法语境所需要的）履行了所有三个步骤：《偷兰遮》罪。 |
Under Sg 6:
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《僧残》六之下：
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A bhikkhu performs the next-to-last act in building a hut for his own use—its materials acquired through begging—that is oversized or located on an unauthorized site: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘执行为自己使用而建造小屋（孤邸）的倒数第二个动作——其材料是透过乞讨获得的——该小屋（孤邸）过大或位于未经授权的地点：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 7:
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《僧残》七之下：
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A bhikkhu performs the next-to-last act in building a hut for his own use—financed by a sponsor—that is located on an unauthorized site: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘执行为自己使用而建造小屋（孤邸）的倒数第二个动作——由赞助人资助——该小屋（孤邸）位于未经授权的地点：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 10:
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《僧残》十之下：
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A bhikkhu persists in his intention to form a schismatic group or to take up a position that can lead to schism, up through the end of the second proclamation of a formal rebuke in a meeting of the Community: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘坚持意图要组成分裂团体或采取可能导致分裂（破和合僧）的立场，直到在僧团会议上正式诃责羯磨的第二次羯磨文宣读（公告）结束：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 11:
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《僧残》十一之下：
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A bhikkhu persists in his intention to support a potential schismatic, up through the end of the second proclamation of a formal rebuke in a meeting of the Community: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘坚持支持潜在的分裂者，直到在僧团会议上正式诃责羯磨的第二次羯磨文宣读（公告）结束：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 12:
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《僧残》十二之下：
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A bhikkhu persists in being difficult to admonish, up through the end of the second proclamation of a formal rebuke in a meeting of the Community: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘坚持难以劝诫，直到在僧团会议上正式诃责羯磨的第二次羯磨文宣读（公告）结束：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Under Sg 13:
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《僧残》十三之下：
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A bhikkhu persists in criticizing an act of banishment performed against him, up through the end of the second proclamation of a formal rebuke in a meeting of the Community: a thullaccaya offense.
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比丘坚持批评对他实施的驱出行为，直到在僧团会议上正式诃责羯磨的第二次羯磨文宣读（公告）结束：《偷兰遮》罪。
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Thullaccayas in the Khandhakas
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《犍度》里的《偷兰遮》
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“Nakedness, a sectarian observance, should not be followed. Whoever should follow it: a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.VIII.28.1
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「赤身裸体（裸形），外道习俗，不应效法。凡效法者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.八.28.1
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| “A kusa-grass garment… a bark-fiber garment… a garment of bark pieces… a human hair blanket… a horse tail-hair blanket… owls’ wings… black antelope hide, (each of which is) a sectarian uniform, should not be worn. Whoever should wear one: a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.VIII.28.2 | 「拘赊草衣……树皮纤维衣……树皮碎片衣……人毛毯……马尾毛毯……猫头鹰翅膀……黑羚羊皮，（这些都是）外道的服饰，不应穿戴。凡穿戴者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.八.28.2 |
| “One should not consume human flesh. Whoever should do so: a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.VI.23.9 | 「不应食用人肉。凡食用人肉者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.六.23.9 |
| “One should not, with lustful thoughts, touch the sexual organs (of cattle). Whoever should touch (one): a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.V.9.3 | 「不应用淫念触摸（牛的）性器官。凡触摸者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.五.9.3 |
| “One’s own penis/genitals should not be cut off. Whoever should cut them off: a thullaccaya offense.”—Cv.V.7 | 「自己的阴茎/生殖器不应被割除。凡割除者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《小品》.五.7 |
| “Surgery should not be done in the crotch. Whoever should do it (have it done): a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.VI.22.3 | 「不应在腹股沟处进行手术。任何人若这样做（接受这样做），《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.六.22.3 |
| “Surgery and hemorrhoid removal (§) should not be done within the area two inches around the crotch. Whoever should do it (have it done): a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.VI.22.4 | 「手术和痔疮切除术（§）不应在腹股沟周围两英寸的范围内进行。任何人若这样做（接受这样做）：《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.六.22.4 |
| “These five things not-to-be-given-out should not be given out by a Community, a group, or an individual. Even when they have been given out, they are not (to be considered as) given out. Whoever should give them out: a thullaccaya offense. Which five? | 「这五样不可给予的东西，僧团、群体还是个人都不应给予。即使给予了，其也不（视为）被给予。谁要是给予了，《偷兰遮》罪。是哪五样呢？ |
1) A monastery, the land of a monastery (a site for a monastery). This is the first thing not to be given out….
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1）寺院，寺院的土地（寺院用地）。这是第一样不可给予的东西…
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2) A dwelling, the land of a dwelling (a site for a dwelling). This is the second thing not to be given out….
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2）住处，以及住处土地（住宅用地）。这是第二样不可给予的东西…
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3) A bed, bench, mattress, pillow. This is the third thing not to be given out….
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3）床、长椅、床垫、枕头。这是第三样不可给予的东西…
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4) A metal pot, a metal vessel, a metal jar/bottle, a metal frying pan/wok, a knife/machete, an axe, an adze, a hoe, a drill/chisel. This is the fourth thing not to be given out….
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4）金属锅、金属容器、金属罐/瓶、金属煎锅/炒锅、刀/砍刀、斧头、锛子、锄头、钻头/凿子。这是第四样不可给予的东西…
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5) Vines, bamboo, coarse grass, reeds, tiṇa-grass, clay (all of which can be used as building materials), wooden goods, clay goods. This is the fifth thing not to be given out….
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5）藤蔓、竹子、粗草、芦苇、天南星草、黏土（均可当建筑材料）、木制品、陶制品。这是第五样不可给予的东西…
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“These are the five things not-to-be-given-out that should not be given out by a Community, a group, or an individual. Even when they have been given out, they are not (to be considered as) given out. Whoever should give them out: a thullaccaya offense.”—Cv.VI.15.2
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「此为五样不可给予的东西，僧团、群体、或个人都不应给予。即使被给予出去，其也不（视为）被给予。凡给予者，《偷兰遮》罪。」——《小品》.六.15.2
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| “These five things not-to-be-divided-up (not-to-be-distributed) (as above).”—Cv.VI.16.2 | 「这五样东西不可分割（不可分发）（如上）。」——《小品》.六.16.2 |
| “There is the case where on the uposatha day in a certain residence, many resident bhikkhus gather, four or more. They know, ‘There are other resident bhikkhus who have not come yet.’ (Thinking,) ‘They are expelled. They are destroyed. Who has need of them? (§)’ they recite the Pāṭimokkha… : a thullaccaya offense—Mv.II.32 | 「有这样的情况：在某一住处的布萨日，许多常住比丘聚集在一起，四位或更多。他们知道，『还有其他常住比丘尚未到来。』（心想，）『他们已被驱逐。他们已被毁灭。谁需要他们呢？』（§）他们念诵《波罗提木叉》……：《偷兰遮》罪——《大品》.二.32 |
| “(Incoming bhikkhus on the uposatha day,) being doubtful, search for resident bhikkhus. Searching for them, they see them. Seeing them, (thinking,) ‘They are expelled. They are destroyed. Who has need of them? (§)’ they perform the uposatha separately, aiming at schism: a thullaccaya offense.”—Mv.II.34.5-6 | 「（客住比丘们在布萨日）心存疑虑，便寻找常住比丘。寻找之后，他们看见了。看见他们，（心想：）『他们已被驱逐。他们已被毁灭。谁还需要他们呢？』（§）于是他们各自举行布萨，意图破和合僧（分裂）：《偷兰遮》罪。」——《大品》.二.34.5-6 |
| (With reference to the newly-ordained bhikkhus who had ignorantly followed Devadatta in a schism): “In that case, you should have the followers of the schismatic confess a thullaccaya offense.”—Cv.VII.4.4 | （针对那些无知地跟随提婆达多分裂的新受戒比丘）：「在这种情况下，你们应该让那些分裂者的追随者忏悔《偷兰遮》罪。」——《小品》.七.4.4 |
* * *
X. A pupil’s duties as attendant to his mentor
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十、弟子作为其导师侍者的职责
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As mentioned in Chapter 2, one is required to act as one’s mentor’s personal attendant if he does not already have one. There I sketched out these duties in general terms. What follows is a translation from Mv.I.25.8-24, which lays them out in very specific terms. Some Communities have their members follow these duties to the letter; others have adapted them to fit in with what they see as changes in culture and technology (e.g., bathing practices now differ from what they were then). Even in the latter cases, though, it is useful to have the original standards down in writing as practical guides to mindful action in daily life and sensitivity to one’s mentor’s needs, for the role of attendant is an excellent opportunity for learning the Dhamma and Vinaya in action on a day-to-day basis. A bhikkhu who approaches this role with the proper attitude will benefit greatly from it, much as Ven. Ānanda benefited from the care and attention he brought to bear in attending to the Buddha.
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如第二章所述，若自己的导师没有个人侍者，则须担任其侍者。我在第二章已对这些职责作了概括性的概述。以下译自《大品》.一.25.8-24，其中对其作了更具体的阐述。有些僧团要求其成员严格履行这些职责；而另一些僧团则根据文化和技术的变化对其进行了调整（例如，如今的沐浴习俗与过去有所不同）。即便在后一种情况下，将最初的标准以书面形式记录下来仍然十分有益，它可以作为日常生活中正念行动和体察导师需求的实用指南。因为侍者的角色是学习法和律在日常生活中付诸实践的绝佳机会。一位比丘若以正确的态度对待这一角色，必将从中获益良多，正如阿难尊者在侍奉佛陀中给予的关怀和照顾让他受益匪浅一样。
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| In the following passages, statements in brackets are from the Commentary; statements in braces from the Sub-commentary; statements in parentheses are my own. | 以下段落中，方括号内的语句来自《义注》；大括号内的语句来自《复注》；圆括号内的语句是我自己写的。 |
“Having gotten up early, having taken off his sandals, having arranged his upper robe over one shoulder, the pupil should provide tooth wood (see Pc 40) and water for washing the face/rinsing the mouth. [C: On the first three days when one is performing these services, one should provide the preceptor with three lengths of tooth wood—long, medium, and short—and notice which one he takes. If he takes the same length on all three days, provide him only with that length from then on. If he is not particular about the length, provide him with whatever length is available. A similar principle holds for the water: On the first three days, provide him with both warm and cold water. If he consistently takes either the warm or the cold, provide him only with that kind of water from then on. If not, provide him with whatever water is available.] (The Commentary suggests that in “providing” these things, one need only set them out, rather than hand them to the preceptor. Once they have been set out, one should proceed to sweep out the restroom and its surrounding area while the preceptor is using the tooth wood and water. Then, while the preceptor is using the restroom, one should proceed to the next step.)
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「早起后，脱下凉鞋，将上衣搭在一侧肩上[译注：偏袒右肩]，弟子应准备齿木（见《波逸提》四十）和洗脸/漱口的水。[《义注》：在前三天进行这些服务时，应向戒师提供三种长度的齿木——长、中、短——并观察他使用哪一种。如果他三天都使用同一长度，那么从那时起就只给他这个长度。如果他并在意长度，那就给他任何可得的长度。水也遵循类似的原则：前三天，提供他温水和冷水。如果他总是喝温水或冷水，从那时起就只给他那种水。否则，就给他任何可得的水。]（《义注》建议，在「提供」这些物品时，只需摆放好即可，无需亲手交给戒师。一旦摆放好后，在戒师使用齿木和水时，应接著打扫洗手间及其周围区域。然后，在戒师使用洗手间时，应接著进行下一步。）
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| “Arrange a seat. If there is conjey, then having washed a shallow bowl, offer the conjey to the preceptor. When he has drunk the conjey, then having given him water, having received the bowl, having lowered it (so as not to let the washing water wet one’s robes), wash it carefully without scraping it [C: knocking it against the floor] and then put it away. When the preceptor has gotten up, take up the seat. If the place is dirty, sweep it. | 「安排座位。如有粥，洗净浅钵后，将粥呈给戒师。当他饮下粥后，接著给他水，接过钵，将钵放低（以免洗涤水溅湿自己的袈裟上），小心清洗，不要刮伤[《义注》：不要把它对地板敲打]，然后收起来。当戒师起身后，拿起座位。如果地方脏污，打扫之。」 |
| “If the preceptor wishes to enter the village for alms, give him his lower robe, receiving the spare lower robe (he is wearing) from him in return. (This is one of the few passages showing that the practice of having spare robes was already current when the Canon was being compiled.) Give him his waistband; give him his upper and outer robe, arranged so that the upper robe forms a lining for the outer one (§). Having rinsed out the bowl, give it to him while it is still wet (i.e., pour out as much of the rinsing water as possible, but don’t wipe it dry). | 「如果戒师想进村托钵乞食，就把他的下衣给他，从他那里接过作为交换（他正在穿著）的备用下衣。（这是少数几处表明在《圣典》编纂之时，拥有备用袈裟的习俗已经存在的段落之一。）把他的腰带给他；把他的上衣和外衣给他，铺排上衣在外衣里面做衬里（§）。把钵冲洗干净后，趁钵还湿的时候给他（即尽可能倒掉冲洗钵里的水，但不要擦干）。 |
| “If the preceptor desires an attendant, one should put on one’s lower robe so as to cover the three circles all around (see Sk 1 & 2). Having put on the waistband, having arranged the upper robe as a lining for the outer one and having put them on, having fastened the (lower) fastener, having washed and taken a bowl, be the preceptor’s attendant. Do not walk too far behind him; do not walk too close. [C: One to two steps behind him is appropriate.] Receive the contents of the preceptor’s bowl. [C: If the preceptor’s bowl is heavy or hot to the touch, take his bowl and give him one’s own bowl (which is presumably lighter or cooler to the touch) in return.] (In a Community where the bowls are carried in their bowl bags during alms round, one may receive the preceptor’s bowl.) | 「如果戒师想要侍者，应穿著下衣，遮盖住周围的三轮（见《应学》一及二）。系好腰带，将上衣铺排作为外衣的衬里，穿好后，系好（下）扣子，洗好并拿取钵，做戒师的侍者。不要走在他身后太远；也不要走得太近。[《义注》：在他身后一到两步是适当的。]接过戒师钵中的内容物。[《义注》：如果戒师的钵很重或摸起来很烫，拿过他的钵，把自己的钵作为交换（想必比较轻或摸起来比较凉）给他。]（若所在僧团，钵在托钵乞食时放在钵袋里，则可以接过戒师的钵。） |
| “Do not interrupt the preceptor when he is speaking. If he is bordering on an offense [C: e.g., Pc 4 or Sg 3], one should stop him. [C: Speak in an indirect way so as to call him to his senses. These two protocols apply everywhere, not only on alms round.] {SC: Unlike the other protocols toward one’s preceptor, these must also be observed even when one is ill.} | 「当戒师讲话时，不要打断他。如果他将犯戒时[《义注》：例如，《波逸提》四或《应学》三]，应该制止他。[《义注》：用委婉的方式提醒他。这两个行仪适用于任何场合，不仅限于托钵乞食。]{《复注》：与其他对待戒师的行仪不同，即使生病，也必须遵守这些。} |
| “Returning ahead of the preceptor, one should arrange a seat. Put out washing water for the feet, a foot stand, and a pebble foot wiper. Having gone to meet him, receive his bowl and robe. Give him his spare lower robe; receive the lower robe [C: that he has been wearing] in return. If the upper and outer robes are damp with perspiration, dry them for a short time in the sun’s warmth, but do not leave them in the sun’s warmth for long. Fold up the robes {SC: separately}, keeping the edges four fingerbreadths apart so that neither robe becomes creased in the middle. (This, the Vinaya-mukha notes, helps extend the life of the cloth.) Place the waistband in the fold of the robe. (From these statements it would appear that when bhikkhus were in their dwelling places they wore only their lower robes, even while eating.) | 「先于戒师返回，安排座位。摆放洗脚水、脚凳和鹅卵石擦脚器。上前迎接戒师，接过他的钵和袈裟。将备用的下衣交给他；接过[《义注》：他正在穿著]的下衣作为交换。如果上衣和外衣被汗水浸湿，将其在阳光下晒干一小会儿，但不要长时间放在阳光下。将袈裟折起来{《复注》：分别地}，边缘留出四指宽的距离，以免任一袈裟中间出现褶皱。（《戒律入口》指出，这样做有助于延长布的使用寿命。）将腰带放入袈裟的折叠处。（从这些陈述来看，比丘们在住处时，即使在用餐时，也只穿著下衣。） |
| “If there is almsfood, and the preceptor wishes to eat, give him water and offer the almsfood to him. Ask if he wants drinking water. [C: If there is enough time before noon, one should wait by the preceptor while he is eating, in order to offer him drinking water, and eat one’s own meal only when he is finished. If there is not enough time for this, one should simply set out the water and proceed to one’s own meal.] | 「如果有钵食，而戒师想要进食，给他水，并将钵食提供给他。询问他是否想要饮用水。[《义注》：如果中午之前时间足够，应在戒师进食时在其身旁等候，以便提供给他饮用水，待他完毕后再用餐。如果时间不够这样做，则只需摆放好水，然后就开始自己的用餐。] |
| “When he has finished his meal, then having given him water, receive the bowl, lower it, and wash it carefully without scraping it. Then, having dried it, set it out for a short time in the sun’s warmth, but do not leave it in the sun’s warmth for long. | 「当他用餐完毕后，给他水，接过钵，放低它，小心清洗，不要刮伤它。擦干后，放在阳光下晒一会儿，但不要长时间放在阳光下。」 |
| “Put away his bowl and robes. When putting away the bowl, one should take the bowl in one hand, run one’s hand under the bed or bench with the other hand (to check for things on the floor that would harm the bowl), and put away the bowl (there), but should not put it away on the bare ground [C: any place where it will get soiled]. When putting away the robe, one should take the robe with one hand, stroke the other hand along the rod or cord for the robes [C: to check for any rough spots or splinters on the cord or rod that will rip the cloth], and put away the robe (over the cord or rod) with the edges away from one and the fold toward one. [C: The fold shouldn’t be placed on the side of the wall, for if there is a splinter in the wall, it may rip the robe in the middle (making its determination lapse).] | 「收好他的钵和袈裟。收钵时，一手拿钵，另一手探入床底或凳底（检查地板上是否有会损坏钵的东西），将钵收好（在那里），不应该把它放在裸露的地面上[《义注》：任何容易被弄脏的地方]。收袈裟时，应一手拿袈裟，用另一只手沿著袈裟的杆子或绳子抚摸[《义注》：检查绳子或杆子上是否有粗糙的地方或碎片，以免撕裂布料。]，将袈裟（挂在绳子或杆子上）收起来，边缘远离自己，褶皱朝向自己。[《义注》：褶皱不宜靠墙边，因为如果墙上有碎片，可能会从中间撕破袈裟（使其决意失效）。] |
| “When the preceptor has gotten up, take up the seat. Put away the washing water for the feet, the foot-stand, and the foot wiper. If the place is dirty, sweep it. | 「当戒师起身后，拿起座位。收起洗脚水、脚凳和擦脚布。如果地方脏了，就打扫干净。」 |
| “If the preceptor wishes to bathe, prepare a bath. Prepare a cold bath if he wants a cold one, a hot bath if he wants a hot one. | 「如果戒师希望沐浴，就准备沐浴。如果他想要冷水浴，就准备冷水浴；如果他想要热水浴，就准备热水浴。」 |
| “If the preceptor wishes to enter the sauna, knead the powder for bathing, moisten the bathing clay, take a sauna-bench, and follow closely behind him. Give him the bench, receive his robe in return, and lay it to one side [C: where there is no soot or smoke]. Give him the (moistened) powder for bathing and clay. If one is able to, enter the sauna. When entering the sauna, one should do so having smeared one’s face with the bathing clay and covering oneself front and back (i.e., one shouldn’t expose oneself, but there is no need to cover the three “circles”). | 「如果戒师想要进入桑拿房，就揉捏沐浴粉，润湿沐浴泥，取一张桑拿凳，紧跟在后。将凳子递给他，接过他的袈裟作为交换，并将其放在一旁[《义注》：没有烟尘的地方]。将（润湿的）沐浴粉和沐浴泥递给他。如果可以，就进入桑拿房。进入桑拿房时，应该在脸上涂抹浴泥，并遮盖好前后身体（即，不应该暴露身体，但也不需要遮盖三「轮」）。 |
| “Sit so as not to encroach on the senior bhikkhus, at the same time not preempting the junior bhikkhus from a seat. Perform services for the preceptor [C: stoking the fire, providing him with clay and hot water]. When leaving the sauna, one should do so taking the sauna-bench and having covered oneself front and back. Perform a service for the preceptor even in the bathing water. Having bathed, the pupil should come out of the water first, dry himself, and put on his lower robe. Then he should rub the water off his preceptor, give him his lower robe and then his outer robe. | 「不要侵占上座比丘的座位而坐，同时也不要抢夺下座比丘的座位。要服侍戒师[《义注》：添火、提供其泥土和热水]。离开桑拿房时，应拿著桑拿凳，并遮盖好前后。即使在沐浴的水中，也要服侍戒师。沐浴后，弟子应先离开水里，擦干身体，穿著下衣。然后，他应擦去戒师身上的水，将下衣递给他，再将外衣递给他。 |
| “Taking the sauna-bench, the pupil should return first, arrange a seat, put out washing water for the feet, a foot stand, and a pebble foot wiper. (When the preceptor has sat down,) ask him if he wants drinking water. | 「拿著桑拿凳，弟子应先回来，摆好座位，准备洗脚水、脚凳和鹅卵石擦脚器。（当戒师坐下后，）询问他是否想要饮用水。 |
| “If the preceptor wants one to recite [C: memorize passages of Dhamma or Vinaya], one should recite. If he wants to interrogate one [C: on the meaning of the passages], one should answer his interrogation. | 「如果戒师想要自己背诵[《义注》：记忆法或律的段落]，就应该背诵。如果他想要审问自己[《义注》：审问段落的含义]，就应该回答他的审问。 |
| “If the place where the preceptor is staying is dirty, the pupil should clean it if he is able to. First taking out the bowl and robes, he should lay them to one side. Taking out the sitting cloth and sheet, he should lay them to one side. Taking out the mattress and pillow, he should lay them to one side. Having lowered the bed, he should take it out carefully, without scraping it [C: along the floor] or knocking it against the door or doorposts, and then lay it to one side. Having lowered the bench, he should take it out carefully, without scraping it [C: along the floor] or knocking it against the door or doorposts, and then lay it to one side. Taking out the spittoon… the leaning board, he should lay them to one side. | 「如果戒师的住处脏乱，弟子若有能力，应当打扫干净。首先，取出钵和袈裟，放在一边。取出坐布和床单，放在一边。取出床垫和枕头，放在一边。放下床后，小心地将其取出，不要刮伤它[《义注》：沿著地板]，或撞到门或门框，然后放在一边。放下长凳后，他应该小心地把它拿出来，不要刮伤它[《义注》：沿著地板]，或撞到门或门框，然后放在一边。取出痰盂……斜倚靠板，他应该把它们放在一边。 |
| “If there are cobwebs in the dwelling, he should remove them, starting first with the ceiling covering-cloth (§) (and working down). He should wipe areas around the window frames and the corners (of the room) (§). If the wall has been treated with ochre and has become moldy (§), he should moisten a rag, wring it out, and wipe it clean. If the floor of the room is treated with blackening (polished) and has become moldy (§), he should moisten a rag, wring it out, and wipe it clean. If the floor is bare ground, he should sprinkle it all over with water before sweeping it, (with the thought,) ‘May the dust not fly up and soil the room.’ He should look for any rubbish and throw it away to one side. | 「如果住处内有蜘蛛网，他应该清除干净，先从天花板的遮布开始（§）（然后向下清除）。他应该擦拭窗框周围和（房间的）角落（§）。如果墙壁涂过赭石并发霉了（§），他应该弄湿一块抹布，拧干，然后擦拭干净。如果房间的地板经过黑化（抛光过）处理，并且已经发霉（§），他应该弄湿一块抹布，拧干，然后擦拭干净。如果地面是裸露的泥土，他应该在清扫之前先用水洒满地面，（想著）：「愿灰尘不要飞扬，弄脏房间。」他应该检查是否有垃圾，并将其扔到一边。 |
| “Having dried the ground-covering in the sun, he should clean it, shake it out, bring it back in, and arrange it as it was arranged before. Having dried the supports for the bed in the sun, he should wipe them, bring them back in, and set them as they were set before. Having dried the bed… the bench in the sun, he should clean them, shake them out, lower them, bring them back in carefully without scraping them [along the floor] or knocking them against the door or doorposts, and arrange them as they were arranged before. Having dried the mattress and pillow… the sitting cloth and sheet in the sun, he should clean them, shake them out, bring them back in, and arrange them as they were arranged before. Having dried the spittoon in the sun, he should wipe it, bring it back in, and set it as it was set before. Having dried the leaning board in the sun, he should wipe it, bring it back in, and set it as it was set before. | 「将地面覆盖物在阳光下晒干后，他应该清理干净，抖掉灰尘，然后搬回来，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。将床架在阳光下晒干后，他应该擦拭之，搬回来，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。将床…长凳在阳光下晒干后，他应该清理干净，抖掉灰尘，放下它们，小心地将它们搬回原处，不要刮伤他们[沿著地板]或撞到门或门柱，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。将床垫和枕头…坐布和床单在阳光下晒干后，他应该清理干净，抖掉灰尘，搬回来，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。将痰盂在阳光下晒干后，他应该擦拭之，拿回来，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。将斜倚靠板在阳光下晒干后，他应该擦拭之，拿回来，按原来的摆放方式摆放好。 |
| “He should put away his bowl and robes. When putting away the bowl, he should take the bowl in one hand, run his hand under the bed or bench with the other hand, and put away the bowl (there), but should not put it away on the bare ground. When putting away the robe, he should take the robe with one hand, stroke the other hand along the rod or cord for the robes, and put away the robe (over the cord or rod) with the edges away from him and the fold toward him. | 「他应当收起他的钵和袈裟。收钵时，一手拿钵，另一手伸到床或凳子底下，把钵收好（在那里），但不应放在裸露的地面上。当收袈裟时，一手拿袈裟，另一手沿著袈裟的杆子或绳子抚摸，把袈裟（搭在杆子或绳子上）收好，边缘远离他，褶皱朝向他。」 |
| “If dusty winds blow from the east, he should close the eastern windows. If from the west, he should close the western windows. If from the north, he should close the northern windows. If from the south, he should close the southern windows. If the weather is cool, he should open the windows by day and close them at night. If the weather is hot, he should close them by day and open them at night. | 「如果尘土飞扬的风从东边吹来，他应该关上东边的窗户；如果从西边吹来，他应该关上西边的窗户；如果从北边吹来，他应该关上北边的窗户；如果从南边吹来，他应该关上南边的窗户。如果天气凉爽，他应该白天开窗，晚上关窗；如果天气炎热，他应该白天关窗，晚上开窗。」 |
| “If the surrounding area (§) is dirty, he should sweep it. If the porch… assembly hall… fire hall… restroom is dirty, he should sweep it. If there is no drinking water, he should set it out. If there is no washing water, he should set it out. If there is no water in the pot for rinsing (in the restroom), he should pour it into the pot. | 「如果周围环境（§）脏了，他应该打扫。如果门廊……集会堂……消防站……洗手间脏了，他应该打扫。如果没有饮用水，他应该设置饮用水。如果没有洗涤用水，他应该设置洗涤用水。如果（洗手间里）冲洗盆里没有水，他应该把水倒进盆里。」 |
| “If dissatisfaction (with the holy life) arises in the preceptor, one should allay it or get someone else to allay it or one should give him a Dhamma talk. If anxiety (over his conduct with regard to the rules) arises in the preceptor, one should dispel it or get someone else to dispel it or one should give him a Dhamma talk. If a viewpoint (diṭṭhigata, usually a fixed opinion with regard to a question not worth asking—see MN 72) arises in the preceptor, one should pry it away or get someone else to pry it away or one should give him a Dhamma talk. | 「如果戒师（对梵行生活）生起不满，应当平息他的不满，或请他人平息他的不满，或应向他开示佛法。如果戒师（对他与戒条相关的行为）生起焦虑，应消除他的焦虑，或请他人消除他的焦虑，或应向他开示佛法。如果戒师生起某种见（diṭṭhigata，通常指对不值得问的问题的固定意见——参见《中部》72经），就应该想办法把它驱除，或者让别人来想办法把它驱除，或应向他开示佛法。 |
| “If the preceptor has committed an offense against a heavy (saṅghādisesa) rule and deserves probation, the pupil should make an effort, (thinking,) “How can the Community grant my preceptor probation?” If the preceptor deserves to be sent back to the beginning… deserves penance… deserves rehabilitation, the pupil should make an effort, (thinking,) “How can the Community grant my preceptor rehabilitation?” | 「如果戒师犯了重（《僧残》）戒，应受到别住(波利婆沙)，弟子应当努力，（想著）：『僧团如何才能给予我的戒师别住？』如果戒师应本日治……应摩那埵……应出罪清净，弟子应当努力，（想著）：『僧团如何才能给予我的戒师出罪清净？』 |
| “If the Community wants to carry out a transaction against the preceptor—censure, demotion, banishment, reconciliation, or suspension—the pupil should make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can the Community not carry out that transaction against my preceptor or else change it to a lighter one?’ But if the transaction—censure… suspension—is carried out against him, the pupil should make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can my preceptor behave properly, lower his hackles, mend his ways, so that the Community will rescind that transaction?’ | 「如果僧团想要对戒师执行羯磨——呵责(苦切)、依止、驱出、下意(遮不至白衣家)或举罪——弟子应该努力，（想著：）『僧团如何才能不对我的戒师执行羯磨，或者将其改为较轻者？』但如果羯磨——呵责……举罪——已经对他执行了，弟子应该努力，（想著：）『我的戒师如何能举止得体，放下他的怒气，改过自新，才能让僧团撤销该羯磨？』 |
| “If the preceptor’s robe should be washed, the pupil should wash it or make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can my preceptor’s robe be washed?’ If the preceptor’s robe should be made, the pupil should make it or make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can my preceptor’s robe be made?’ If the preceptor’s dye should be boiled, the pupil should boil it or make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can my preceptor’s dye be boiled?’ If the preceptor’s robe should be dyed, the pupil should dye it or make an effort, (thinking,) ‘How can my preceptor’s robe be dyed?’ While dyeing the robe, he should carefully let it take the dye properly (while drying), turning it back and forth (on the line), and shouldn’t go away until the drips have become discontinuous (§). | 「如果戒师的袈裟需要清洗，弟子就应该清洗之或努力尝试，（心想：）『该如何让我的戒师的袈裟被清洗？』如果戒师的袈裟需要制作，弟子就应该制作之或努力尝试，（心想：）『该如何让我的戒师的袈裟被制作？』如果戒师的染料需要煮沸，弟子就应该煮沸之或努力尝试，（心想：）『该如何让我的戒师的染料被煮沸？』如果戒师的袈裟需要染色，弟子就应该染色之或努力尝试，（心想：）『该如何让我的戒师的袈裟被染色？』在为袈裟染色时，他应该小心地让它充分吸收染料（在晾干时），来回翻转（在线绳上），在染料滴落变得不连续（§）前不应离开。 |
| “Without having taken the preceptor’s leave, the pupil should not give an alms bowl to anyone [C: on bad terms with the preceptor] nor should he receive an alms bowl from that person. He shouldn’t give robe-cloth to that person or receive robe- cloth from that person, shouldn’t give a requisite to that person or receive a requisite from that person. He shouldn’t cut that person’s hair or have his own hair cut by that person. He shouldn’t perform a service for that person or have that person perform a service for him. He shouldn’t act as that person’s steward or have that person act as his own steward. He shouldn’t be that person’s attendant or take that person as his own attendant. He shouldn’t bring back almsfood for that person or have that person bring back almsfood for him. | 「未经戒师许可，弟子不应向任何人[《义注》：与戒师关系不好]给予钵或从其接受钵。他不应给其袈裟布或从其接受袈裟布；不应给其必需品或从其接受必需品。他不应剪其头发或让其给自己剪头发。他不应为其服务或让其为自己服务。他不应作其净人或让其作自己的净人。他不应做其侍者或让其做自己的侍者。他不应为其带回钵食或让其为自己带回钵食。 |
| “Without having taken the preceptor’s leave, he shouldn’t enter a town, shouldn’t go to a cemetery, shouldn’t leave the district. (Mv.II.21.1 adds (translating from the Burmese edition): “There is the case where a number of inexperienced, incompetent bhikkhus, traveling to distant locations, ask leave of their teachers and preceptors. They should be asked by their teachers and preceptors, ‘Where will you go? With whom will you go?’ If those inexperienced, incompetent bhikkhus name other inexperienced, incompetent bhikkhus, the teachers and preceptors should not give them permission. If they give permission: an offense of wrong doing. And if those inexperienced, incompetent bhikkhus, not having received permission, go anyway: an offense of wrong doing (for them).) | 「未经戒师许可，不应入城镇，不得去墓地，不应离开本地区。（《大品》.二.21.1（从缅甸版本翻译）补充：「有这样的情况：有些比丘缺乏经验、能力不足，前往远方，向他们的老师和戒师请假。老师和戒师应当问他们：『你们要去哪里？与谁同行？』如果那些缺乏经验、能力不足的比丘说与其他缺乏经验、能力不足的比丘同行，老师和戒师不应准许他们。如果准许，《恶作》罪。如果那些缺乏经验、能力不足的比丘在没有得到许可的情况下就去：（对他们而言）《恶作》罪。） |
| “If the preceptor is ill, he (the pupil) should tend to him as long as life lasts; he should stay with him until he recovers.” | 「如果戒师生病了，他（弟子）应该终生照顾他，应和他待在一起直到他康复。」 |
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| As noted in Chapter 2, a pupil who is not ill is expected to perform these services for his mentor unless the mentor tells him that he already has another pupil acting as his attendant or the other pupil says that he will accept responsibility for them. On the other hand, if the pupil is ill, the mentor is expected to perform these services for the pupil until the latter recovers. This reflects the Buddha’s statement that the pupil should regard the mentor as his father; and the mentor, the pupil as his son. If both bear this relationship in mind, they are sure to prosper in the practice of the Dhamma-Vinaya. | 如第二章所述，未生病的弟子应为其导师提供这些服务，除非导师告知他已有其他弟子担任侍者，或其他弟子表示愿意为他们承担职责。另一方面，若弟子生病，导师应为弟子提供这些服务，直至弟子康复。这体现了佛陀的教诲：弟子应视导师如父，导师视弟子如子。若双方都能牢记此关系，他们必能在修持法与律里兴盛。 |