詞彙表
Glossary
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詞彙表
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| This glossary is designed to help the reader in two sorts of situations: (1) when encountering a Pali term in this book in a passage where it is not explained; and (2) when encountering Vinaya terminology in other books or conversations and wanting to know how it is defined and/or where it is discussed here. For terms that have entire chapters devoted to them—such as nissaya and pācittiya—see the relevant chapter. | 本詞彙表旨在幫助讀者應對兩種情況：（1）當讀者在本書段落中遇到未加解釋的巴利術語時；（2）當讀者在其他書籍或對話中遇到律藏術語，並希望了解其定義和/或其在本書中的哪裡討論時。對於諸如 nissaya [依止] 和 pācittiya [《波逸提》] 等有整章專門講解的術語，請參閱相關章節。 |
| Abbhantara: a unit for measuring distance, approximately equal to 14 meters. | Abbhantara：[譯註：腕尺] 一種距離單位，約等於 14 公尺。 |
| Ācariya: teacher. See Chapter 2 and Appendix X. | Ācariya：[譯註：阿闍梨] 老師。參見第二章及附錄十。 |
| Acittaka: a class of offenses carrying a penalty even when committed unintentionally or with incorrect perception. | Acittaka：[譯註：無意識的] 某一種類的罪行，即使是無意或因非正確認知而犯下，也受到懲罰。 |
| Adhikaraṇa: issue. See Pc 63, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 12. | Adhikaraṇa：諍事。請參閱《波逸提》六三，第十一章和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。 |
| Adhiṭṭhāna: determining for use. See NP 1, 3, 21, & 24 and Appendix IV. | Adhiṭṭhāna：[譯註：決意] 決意使用。參見《捨墮》一、三、二一和二四以及附錄四。 |
| Akkosa-vatthu: a topic for abuse. See Pc 2 & 3. | Akkosa-vatthu：[譯註：akkosa + vatthu] 辱罵主題。請參閱《波逸提》二和三。 |
| Anupasampanna: anyone who has not received full Acceptance (ordination). Under some rules, this includes bhikkhunīs; under others, it doesn’t. | Anupasampanna：[譯註：未具足的] 指任何尚未受完整具足戒者。在某些戒條，這包括比丘尼；在另一些戒條，不包括比丘尼。 |
| Apalokana: announcement; the simplest form for a Community transaction, in which a decision is proposed to the Community in the announcer’s own words. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Apalokana：[譯註：求聽] 公告；是僧團羯磨中最簡單的形式，公告者以自己的語言向僧團提出一項決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。 |
| Bhattuddesaka: a meal distributor—the Community official in charge of distributing meals and invitations to meals. See Pc 32, Appendix III, and BMC2, Chapter 18. | Bhattuddesaka：[譯註：bhattuddesako] 餐食分配者——負責分配餐食和餐食邀請的僧團執事。參見《波逸提》三二，附錄三，及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十八章。 |
| Bhikkhu: a male mendicant ordained in the Bhikkhu Saṅgha, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha and the Khandhakas (the Mahāvagga and Cullavagga). | Bhikkhu：[譯註：比丘] 在比丘僧團受具足戒的男性托缽修行者，須遵守比丘《波羅提木叉》和《犍度》（《大品》和《小品》）的學處。 |
| Bhikkhunī: a female mendicant ordained by both the Bhikkhunī and the Bhikkhu Saṅghas, subject to the training rules of the Bhikkhunī Pāṭimokkha and the eight rules of respect (garu-dhamma). See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. | Bhikkhunī：[譯註：比丘尼] 由比丘尼僧團和比丘僧團共同授具足戒的女性托缽修行者，須遵守比丘尼《波羅提木叉》的學處和八敬法（garu-dhamma）。參見《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十三章。 |
| Bhojana/Bhojaniya: staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. | Bhojana/Bhojaniya：[譯註：噉食] 主食。請參閱第八章的食物品的介紹。 |
| Bhūtagāma: a living plant in its place. See Pc 11. | Bhūtagāma：[譯註：bhūta + gāma] 在其原位置的活植物。參見《波逸提》十一。 |
| Bījagāma: a plant or part of a plant removed from its place but capable of growing again if replanted. See Pc 11. | Bījagāma：[譯註：bīja + gāma] 指從原地移除但重新栽種後仍能再次生長的植物或植物的一部分。參見《波逸提》十一。 |
| Chanda: consent by proxy. See Pc 79. | Chanda：[譯註：欲] 代理同意。參見《波逸提》七九。 |
| Deva (devatā): literally, a “shining one”—a terrestrial spirit or celestial being. | Deva（devatā）：[譯註：天] 字面意思是「閃耀者」——指陸地神靈或天上眾生。 |
| Dubbhāsita: wrong speech. See Pc 2. | Dubbhāsita：[譯註：惡說] 錯誤的言語。參見 Pc 2。 |
| Dukkaṭa: wrong doing, the lightest penalty. | Dukkaṭa：[譯註：惡作/突吉羅] 錯誤行為，最輕的懲罰。 |
| Garu-bhaṇḍa: a heavy or expensive article. Garu-bhaṇḍa belonging to the Saṅgha includes monasteries and monastery land; dwellings, land on which dwellings are built; furnishings such as beds, chairs, and mattresses; metal vessels and tools; building materials, including such things as rushes, reeds, grass, and clay; and articles made of pottery or wood. See Pr 2, Sg 6, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 7. | Garu-bhaṇḍa：[譯註：garu + bhaṇḍa] 指重或昂貴的物品。僧伽所有的 Garu-bhaṇḍa 包括寺院及其土地；住處及其建造之土地；諸如床、椅、床墊等家具；金屬器皿和工具；建築材料，包含例如燈心草、蘆葦、草、黏土等；以及陶器或木製品。參見《波羅夷》二、《僧殘》六、《波逸提》八一、以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第七章。 |
| Garu-dhamma: any of eight rules of respect observed by bhikkhunīs. See Pc 21 and BMC2, Chapter 23. | Garu-dhamma：[譯註：八敬法] 比丘尼所遵守的八敬法。參見《波逸提》二一和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十三章。 |
| Hatthapāsa: a distance of 2 ½ cubits, or 1.25 meters. | Hatthapāsa：[譯註：伸手可及， hattha + pāsa] 2 ½ 肘尺，或 1.25 公尺。 |
| Jhāna: mental absorption. See Pr 4. | Jhāna：[譯註：禪定/禪那] 心意集中。參見《波羅夷》四。 |
| Kappiya-vohāra: a proper expression, i.e., a way of expressing a hint or desire allowable in the context of a rule where an outright command would be a breach of the rule. | Kappiya-vohāra：[譯註：kappiya + vohāra] 一種恰當的表達方式，即在戒條的背景下，表達暗示或願望的一種允許方式，而直接命令則會違反戒條。 |
| Kaṭhina: a ceremony, held in the fourth month of the rainy season, in which a Community of bhikkhus receives a gift of cloth from a donor or donors, bestows it on one of their members, and then makes it into a robe before dawn of the following day. See NP 1-3, Pc 81, and BMC2, Chapter 17. | Kaṭhina：[譯註：功德衣/迦絺那] 在雨季第四個月舉行的儀式，比丘僧團接受布施者贈予的布料，將其授予一位僧團成員，並在次日黎明[明相]前將其製成袈裟。參見《捨墮》一至三、《波逸提》八一，以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十七章。 |
| Khādaniya: non-staple food. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8. | Khādaniya：[譯註：嚼食] 副食。參見第八章裡食物品的引言。 |
| Lahu-bhaṇḍa: a light or inexpensive article. Lahu-bhaṇḍa of the Saṅgha includes such things as cloth, food, and medicine; and small personal accessories such as scissors, sandals, and water strainers. See Pr 2, Sg 6, and Pc 81. | Lahu-bhaṇḍa：[譯註：lahu + bhaṇḍa] 指輕或非貴重之物。僧伽的 lahu-bhaṇḍa 包括諸如布料、食物、藥品；以及如剪刀、涼鞋、濾水器等小型個人用品。參見《波羅夷》二、《僧殘》六、以及《波逸提》八一。 |
| Leḍḍupāta: the distance a man of average height can toss a clod of dirt underarm—approximately 18 meters. | Leḍḍupāta：[譯註：擲石所及所] 一個中等身高的男子手部低於肩膀拋擲一團泥土的距離——大約 18 公尺。 |
| Loka-vajja: acts criticized by people in general. See Chapter 1. | Loka-vajja：[譯註：世間罪 loka + vajja] 指普遍受到人們批評的行為。參見第一章。 |
| Lokuttara-dhamma: a transcendent state. See Pr 4. | Lokuttara-dhamma：[譯註：出世間法 lokuttara + dhamma] 一種超越的狀態。參見《波羅夷》四。 |
| Mahāpadesa: Great Standard for deciding what is and is not in line with the Dhamma and Vinaya. See Chapter 1. | Mahāpadesa：[譯註：《四大教示》/四大教法 padesa] 決定什麼是或不是符合法與律的偉大標準。參見第一章。 |
| Mānatta: penance. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19 and Chapter 23. | Mānatta：[譯註：摩那埵] 贖罪。參見第五章的結論以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十九章和第二十三章。 |
| Nāga: a special kind of serpent, classed as a common animal but having magical powers, including the ability to assume human appearance. Nāgas have long been regarded as protectors of the Buddha’s teachings. See BMC2, Chapter 14. | Nāga：[譯註：龍] 一種特殊的蛇，被歸類為普通動物，卻擁有神奇的力量，包括化身為人的能力。Nāga 長期以來就被視為佛陀教法的守護者。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章。 |
| Ñatti-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion following a set wording. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-kamma：[譯註：單白羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨的形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議的形式按照既定措辭向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。 |
| Ñatti-dutiya-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and one proclamation. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-dutiya-kamma：[譯註：白二羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議和一次公告的形式向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。 |
| Ñatti-catuttha-kamma: a form for a Community transaction in which a decision is proposed to the Community in a motion and three proclamations. See BMC2, Chapter 12. | Ñatti-catuttha-kamma：[譯註：白四羯磨] 一種僧團羯磨形式，在此形式中，透過一次動議和三次公告的形式向僧團提交決定。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十二章。 |
| Niyasa-kamma: demotion (also called nissaya-kamma, an act of dependence)—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu released from dependence is required to return to dependence under a mentor until he mends his ways. See Chapter 2 and BMC2, Chapter 20. | Niyasa-kamma：[譯註：依止羯磨] 降級（也稱為 nissaya-kamma ，意為依止行為）——一種羯磨，指已脫離依止的比丘必須重新依止於一位導師，直至其改過自新。參見第二章及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十章。 |
| Pabbājanīya-kamma: banishment—a transaction whereby a bhikkhu is denied membership in a particular Community until he mends his ways. See Sg 13 and BMC2, Chapter 20. | Pabbājanīya-kamma：[譯註：驅出羯磨] 驅逐——一種羯磨，即拒絕一名比丘在某個特定的僧團裡的成員資格，直到他改過自新為止。參見《僧殘》十三和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十章。 |
| Pabbajjā: Going-forth—ordination as a sāmaṇera or sāmaṇerī. See BMC2, Chapters 14 and 24. | Pabbajjā：出家——受戒成為沙彌（sāmaṇera）或沙彌尼（sāmaṇerī）。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章和第二十四章。 |
| Paccuddharaṇa: rescinding from use. See Appendix IV. | Paccuddharaṇa：[譯註：paccuddharaṇa] 撤銷使用。參見附錄四。 |
| Palibodha: constraint. See NP 1. | Palibodha：[譯註：障礙] 約束。參見《捨墮》一。 |
| Pāna: juice drink. See the introduction to the Food Chapter in Chapter 8, and Pc 38. | Pāna：[譯註：pāna] 果汁飲料。參見第八章的食物品的引言和《波逸提》三八。 |
| Paṇḍaka: a eunuch or person born neuter. See Sg 2. | Paṇḍaka：[譯註：黃門] 閹人或生來為中性的人。參見《僧殘》二。 |
| Paṇṇatti-vajja: acts criticized by the training rules. See Chapter 1. | Paṇṇatti-vajja：[譯註：paṇṇatti + vajja] 受學處批評的行為。參見第一章。 |
| Parivāsa: probation. See the conclusion to Chapter 5 and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Parivāsa：別住。參見第五章的結論以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十九章。 |
| Pavāraṇā: (1) an invitation whereby a donor gives permission to a bhikkhu or a Community of bhikkhus to ask for requisites. See Pc 47. (2) A ceremony, held at the end of the Rains-residence (see vassa), in which each bhikkhu invites the rest of the Community to confront him with any transgressions they may have seen, heard, or suspected that he has committed. See BMC2, Chapter 16. | Pavāraṇā：[譯註：自恣] （1）一種邀請，布施者允許比丘或比丘僧團請求必需品。參見《波逸提》四七。（2）雨安居（參見 vassa ）結束時舉行的儀式，每位比丘邀請其他僧團成員當面指出他們所見、所聞或所懷疑的任何自己所作的過犯。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十六章。 |
| Peta: (1) a hungry ghost—one of a class of beings in the lower realms, sometimes capable of appearing to human beings. (2) A corpse. | Peta：（1）餓鬼——低等域界的一種眾生，有時能顯現於人類面前。（2）屍體。 |
| Pubbayoga: a preliminary effort leading up to the commission of an offense. | Pubbayoga：[譯註：pubba + yoga] 實施犯戒前的初步努力。 |
| Sacittaka: a class of offenses that carry a penalty only when committed intentionally and with correct perception. | Sacittaka：[譯註：sa + citta] 一類只有在故意且具有正確感知的情況下違犯才會受到懲罰的罪行。 |
| Samaṇa: contemplative; monk. This word is derived from the adjective sama, which means “in tune” or “in harmony.” The samaṇas in ancient India were wanderers who tried through direct contemplation to find the true nature of reality—as opposed to the conventions taught in the Vedas—and to live in tune or in harmony with that reality. Buddhism is one of several samaṇa movements. Others included Jainism, Ājivakan fatalism, and Lokāyata, or hedonism. | Samaṇa：沙門；比丘。這個字源自於形容詞 sama ，意為「協調的」或「和諧的」。古印度的沙門是遊方者，他們試圖透過直接冥想來探索現實的真正本質——而非吠陀經所教導的習俗——並與現實和諧共處，或者順應現實。佛教是眾多沙門運動之一。其他運動也包括耆那教、阿耆婆教（邪命外道）的宿命論以及順世外道，或稱享樂主義。 |
| Sāmaṇera: literally, a small samaṇa—a novice monk observing ten precepts. See Pc 70. | Sāmaṇera：字面意思是小沙門——指遵守十戒的沙彌。參見《波逸提》七十。 |
| Saṅgha: Community. This may refer to the entire Community of bhikkhus or of bhikkhunīs, or to the Community living in a particular location. In this book I have tried to distinguish between the two by calling the first Saṅgha, and the second Community, but there are some contexts where it is difficult to draw a clear line between the two. | Saṅgha：僧伽/僧團。可以指整個比丘或比丘尼僧團，也可以指居住在特定地點的僧團。本書中，我嘗試區分二者，將前者稱為僧伽，後者稱為僧團，但在某些情況脈絡下，二者之間的界線難以明確劃分。 |
| Saṅgha-bheda: a schism in the Saṅgha. See Sg 10 & 11 and BMC2, Chapter 21 and Appendix V. | Saṅgha-bheda：[譯註：破僧] 僧伽分裂。參見《僧殘》十和十一以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第二十一章和附錄五。 |
| Saṅgha-rāji: a crack in the Saṅgha. See Sg 10. | Saṅgha-rāji：僧不和合。參見《僧殘》十。 |
| Sīmā: a territory related to the performance of Community transactions. See Pc 79 and BMC2, Chapter 13. | Sīmā：[譯註：界場] 與僧團羯磨相關的結界。請參閱《波逸提》七九和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十三章。 |
| Sugata: Well-gone, an epithet for the Buddha. Sugata measures are discussed in Appendix II. | Sugata：善逝，佛陀的稱號。善逝計量單位在附錄二討論。 |
| Sutta (suttanta): discourse. | Sutta（suttanta）：經。 |
| Tajjanīya-kamma: censure, a transaction whereby a Community strips a bhikkhu of some of his communal rights if he is a maker of strife; if he is defective in virtue, conduct, or views; or if he criticizes the Buddha, Dhamma, or Saṅgha. If he mends his ways, the act may be repealed. See Sg 8, Ay 1, Chapter 11, and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Tajjanīya-kamma：呵責(苦切) [譯註：有些版本將 tajjanīya 拼寫成 tajjaniya]，指僧團剝奪比丘部分僧團權利的羯磨，若其為紛爭製造者；又或戒行、行為或觀點有缺陷；又或批評佛、法、僧。若其改過自新，該處分可解除。參見《僧殘》八，《不定》一，第十一章，以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十九章。 |
| Thullaccaya: grave offense, the most serious derived offense and the most serious offense not included in the Pāṭimokkha rules. See Appendix IX. | Thullaccaya：[譯註：《偷蘭遮》] 粗罪，最嚴重的衍生罪，也是《波羅提木叉》戒條中未包含的最嚴重罪。參見附錄九。 |
| Tiracchāna-kathā: “animal talk,” topics of conversation inappropriate for bhikkhus. See Pc 46 & 85. | Tiracchāna-kathā：[譯註：畜生論] 「動物談話」，指不適合比丘談論的話題。參見《波逸提》四六和八五。 |
| Tiracchāna-vijjā: “animal knowledge,” occult abilities or other traditional skills inappropriate for bhikkhus to study or practice. See Pr 4 and BMC2, Chapter 10. | Tiracchāna-vijjā：[譯註：畜生明] 「動物知識」、神秘能力或其他不適合比丘學習或修習的傳統技藝。參見《波羅夷》四和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十章。 |
| Ukkhepanīya-kamma: suspension—a transaction whereby a Community deprives a bhikkhu of his right to associate with the Saṅgha as a whole until he mends his ways. See Pc 68 & 69 and BMC2, Chapter 19. | Ukkhepanīya-kamma：[譯註：舉罪] [譯註：有些版本將 ukkhepanīya 拼寫成 ukkhepaniya]暫時停權——一種僧團剝奪比丘與僧伽整體聯繫在一起的權利的羯磨，直到其改過自新。參見《波逸提》六八和六九以及《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十九章。 |
| Upajjhāya: preceptor (literally, “supervisor” or “overseer”). See Chapter 2, Appendix X, and BMC2, Chapter 14. | Upajjhāya：戒師 [譯註：古漢譯為和尚或親教師]（字面意思是「監督者」或「督導者」）。參見第二章、附錄十和《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章。 |
| Upasampadā: Full Acceptance—ordination as a bhikkhu or bhikkhunī. See BMC2, Chapter 14. | Upasampadā：[譯註：具足] 完全接受——受具足戒成為比丘或比丘尼。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十四章。 |
| Uposatha: Observance day, the day of the new and of the full moon; traditionally, in India, a time of special spiritual practices. The Buddha adopted this as the day for reciting the Pāṭimokkha. See BMC2, Chapter 15. | Uposatha：[譯註：布薩] 持齋戒日，即新月與滿月之日；在印度傳統上，這是進行特殊靈性修行的日子。佛陀將此日定為誦《波羅提木叉》的日子。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十五章。 |
| Vassa: Rains-residence—a three-month period, generally beginning the day after the full moon in July (or the second, if there are two), during which certain restrictions are placed on the bhikkhus’ wanderings; usually considered a time to accelerate one’s efforts in study or practice. See BMC2, Chapter 11. | Vassa：雨安居——為期三個月，通常從七月滿月後的次日開始（如果七月有兩個滿月，則從第二個滿月後的次日開始），在此期間，比丘們的遊方受到一定的限制；通常被認為是加速努力學習或修行的時期。參見《佛教比丘戒律 第二冊》第十一章。 |
| Vikappana: an arrangement whereby an item not in use is placed under shared ownership. See NP 1, Pc 59, and Appendix V. | Vikappana：[譯註：說淨，北傳漢譯律藏為說淨、淨施、作淨、分別等語譯之] 一種將未使用物品置於共享所有權下的安排。參見《捨墮》一、《波逸提》五九和附錄五。 |
| Vissāsa: trust between friends. See Pr 2 and Pc 59. | Vissāsa：[譯註：親厚] 朋友之間的信任。參見《波羅夷》二和《波逸提》五九。 |
| Yakkha: one of a class of powerful “non-human” beings—sometimes kindly, sometimes murderous and cruel—corresponding roughly to the fairies and ogres of Western fairy tales. The female (yakkhinī) is generally considered more treacherous than the male. | Yakkha：[譯註：夜叉] 一類強大的「非人」眾生——有時仁慈，有時殘暴嗜殺——大致相當於西方童話故事中的仙女和食人魔。雌性（yakkhinī）通常被認為比雄性更奸詐。 |
| Yojana: a distance of approximately ten miles or sixteen kilometers. | Yojana：[譯註：由旬] 大約十英里或十六公里的距離。 |