個人儀容儀表

CHAPTER ONE	第一章
Personal Grooming	個人儀容儀表
A bhikkhu should be clean, neat, and unostentatious in his appearance, as a reflection of the qualities he is trying to develop in his mind.	比丘的外表要乾淨整潔，樸素不張揚，以體現他試圖在內心培養的品質。

Bathing	沐浴
Although Pc 57 forbids a bhikkhu from bathing at intervals of less than half a month, we noted in the discussion of that rule that it was apparently intended as a temporary disciplinary measure for bhikkhus who had inconvenienced King Bimbisāra when he wanted to bathe in the hot spring near Rājagaha. When the Buddha later added exemptions to the rule, he so relaxed it that he virtually rescinded it. In addition, Mv.V.13 explicitly rescinds the rule in all parts of the world outside of the central Ganges Valley.	雖然《波逸提》五七禁止比丘沐浴間隔少於半個月，但我們在討論該戒條時指出，它顯然是針對那些妨礙頻毘娑羅王想在王舍城附近溫泉沐浴的比丘而採取的臨時懲戒措施。後來佛陀對該戒條增加了例外情況，他放寬了戒條的程度，實際上就等於廢除了它。此外，《大品》.五.13明確規定，除恆河中游地區外，世界各地均不適用此戒條。
In the time of the Buddha, bathing was done in a river, a bathing tank, a sauna, or a showering place. Instead of soap, people used an unscented powder called chunam, which was kneaded with water into a dough-like paste. Bhikkhus are explicitly allowed to use powdered dung, clay, or dye-dregs; according to the Commentary, ordinary chunam would come under “dye-dregs.” A bhikkhu with an itching rash, a small boil, or a running sore, or whose body smells bad (in the words of the Commentary, “with a body odor like that of a horse”) may use scented fragrant powders. At present, the Great Standards would allow soap under the allowance for clay, and scented soaps or deodorants under the allowance for scented powders for a bhikkhu with a strong body odor. Otherwise, the use of scents is listed among the bad habits prohibited by Cv.V.36 (see Chapter 10).	在佛陀時代，人們會在河中、浴池、桑拿[三溫暖]或淋浴處沐浴。那時人們不用肥皂，而是使用一種名為「朱南」（chunam）的無氣味粉末，加水揉搓成像麵團狀。比丘被明確允許使用糞便粉末、黏土或染料殘渣；根據《義註》，普通的朱南就屬於「染料殘渣」的範疇。如果比丘身上有搔癢的皮疹、小癤子或流膿的傷口，或者體味難聞（用《義註》的話來說，「體味像馬一樣」），可以使用有香味的粉末。如今，《四大教示》在黏土的開緣之下允許肥皂，並且對於體味濃重的比丘，在有氣味粉末的開緣之下允許有氣味的肥皂或除臭劑。否則，使用有氣味物被列入《小品》.五.36（參見第十章）所禁止的不良習慣之中。
The etiquette when bathing in a group is that a junior bhikkhu should not bathe in front of an elder bhikkhu or, if bathing in a river, upstream from him. If one is able and willing (and, of course, if the elder bhikkhus are amenable), one may look after the needs of elder bhikkhus while they are bathing. An example of this, given in the Commentary, is scrubbing them. When scrubbing another or oneself, one may use one’s hand or a rope or pad of cloth. Sponges, which apparently were not known in the time of the Buddha, would probably be included under pad of cloth.	集體沐浴的禮儀是，戒臘低的比丘不應在戒臘高的比丘面前沐浴，或者，如果是在河裡沐浴，也不應在他的上游沐浴。如果力所能及且願意（當然，前提是戒臘高的比丘也肯接受），可以在戒臘高的比丘沐浴時照顧他們的需要。《義註》中所給的這樣的一個例子是為他們擦洗。無論是為他人或自己擦洗時，都可以用手、繩子或布墊。海綿在佛陀時代顯然還不為人知，它可能被包括在布墊之下。
One is not allowed to rub one’s body with a wooden hand, a string of red powder beads—according to the Commentary, this means bathing powder mixed with powdered stone (cinnabar?) and formed into beads—or with a scrubber incised with a “dragon-teeth” pattern. A bhikkhu who is ill, however, may use an unincised scrubber. In the time of the Buddha, young men while bathing would rub their bodies against trees, against walls, against one another (this was called a “fully immersed massage”), or against rubbing posts (aṭṭhāna, which according to the Commentary, took their name from their being incised with a pattern like a chess board (aṭṭhapada)) in order to toughen their muscles. Bhikkhus are explicitly forbidden from rubbing their bodies in any of these ways. However, they are allowed to massage themselves and one another with their hands.	不允許用木手、一串紅色粉末珠子（根據《義註》，這指的是將沐浴粉與石頭粉（硃砂？）混合製成珠子）或雕刻有「龍牙」紋樣的擦洗器來擦洗身體。但生病的比丘可以使用未被雕刻的擦洗器。在佛陀時代，年輕男子沐浴時會用身體摩擦樹木、牆壁、彼此（這被稱為「全身按摩」）或摩擦柱（aṭṭhāna，根據《義註》，因其雕刻有類似棋盤（aṭṭhapada）的圖案而得名。）來強健肌肉。比丘被明確禁止以這些方式的任一種來擦洗身體。但是，他們被允許用手按摩自己和彼此按摩。
In another context—cleaning one’s feet before entering a dwelling—one is allowed to step on foot wipers made of stone, stone fragments, and pumice (“sea-foam stone”), so it would seem reasonable that the use of pumice or other stones to scrub off stubborn dirt while bathing would also be permitted.	在另一個情境——進入住所前清潔雙腳——允許踩在由石頭、碎石和浮石（「海泡石」）製成的擦腳器上，因此，在沐浴時也允許使用浮石或其他石頭擦掉頑固污垢似乎是合理的。
When leaving the water after bathing, one should make way for those entering the water.	沐浴後離開水面時，應為要下水的人讓路。
One is allowed to dry oneself with a water wiper—which the non-offense clauses for Pc 86 say may be made of ivory, horn, or wood—or with a piece of cloth.	允許用擦水物擦乾身體——《波逸提》八六的不犯條款說，擦水物可以由象牙、角或木頭製成——或者用一塊布。

Care of the teeth

牙齒照料

Toothbrushes, dental floss, toothpaste, and tooth powders were unknown in the time of the Buddha. However, there is an allowance for tooth wood, which is the same thing as the tooth-cleaning stick discussed under Pc 40. The Buddha extolled the virtues of using tooth wood as follows: “There are five advantages in chewing tooth wood: It is good for the eyes, the mouth does not smell foul, the taste buds are cleaned, bile and phlegm do not coat one’s food, one enjoys one’s food.” At present, toothbrushes and dental floss would come under the allowance for tooth wood. Because tooth wood should not be less than four fingerbreadths long, many Communities extend this prohibition to include toothpicks less than four fingerbreadths as well. Toothpaste and tooth powder, because they are composed of mineral salts, would come under the allowance of salts for medicine.

佛陀時代，牙刷、牙線、牙膏和牙粉都不存在。然而，當時允許使用齒木，這與《波逸提》四十中討論到的潔牙棒是相同的東西。佛陀曾讚揚使用齒木的功德如下：「咀嚼齒木有五大益處：有益於眼睛，口無異味，清潔味蕾，膽汁和痰液不會覆蓋住食物，盡情享用食物。」如今，牙刷和牙線也屬於齒木的開緣範疇。由於齒木的長度不應少於四指寬，許多僧團也將此禁令擴展至長度少於四指寬的牙籤。牙膏和牙粉因為是由礦物鹽組成，因此屬於藥物用鹽的開緣範疇。

Hair of the head	頭部的頭髮
The hair of the head should not be worn long. It should be shaved at least every two months or when the hair has grown to a length of two fingerbreadths—whichever occurs first, says the Commentary. In Thailand there is the custom that all bhikkhus shave their heads on the same day, the day before the full moon, so that the Community can present a uniform appearance. Although this is not obligatory, a bhikkhu who does not follow the custom tends to stand out from his fellows.	頭髮不宜留長。至少每兩個月剃一次，或頭髮長到兩指寬時剃——以先到者為準，《義註》中如此寫道。在泰國，有習俗是所有比丘在同一天，即滿月前一天剃頭，以便僧團保持統一的形象。雖然這不是強制性的，但不遵守此習俗的比丘，往往會顯得與眾不同。
A razor is one of a bhikkhu’s eight basic requisites. He is also allowed a whetstone, a razor case, a piece of felt (to wrap the razor in), and all razor accessories (such as a strop). At present, this allowance would cover all types of safety razors as well. The Commentary to Pr 2 insists that the razor case not be multicolored.	剃刀是比丘八種基本必需品之一。此外，比丘還被允許擁有磨刀石、剃刀盒、氈布（用於包裹剃刀）以及所有剃刀配件（例如磨刀皮帶）。目前，這項開緣也涵蓋所有類型的安全剃刀。《波羅夷》二的《義註》強調，剃刀盒不得為彩色。

(未完待續)