个人仪容仪表

CHAPTER ONE	第一章
Personal Grooming	个人仪容仪表
A bhikkhu should be clean, neat, and unostentatious in his appearance, as a reflection of the qualities he is trying to develop in his mind.	比丘的外表要干净整洁，朴素不张扬，以体现他试图在内心培养的品质。

Bathing	沐浴
Although Pc 57 forbids a bhikkhu from bathing at intervals of less than half a month, we noted in the discussion of that rule that it was apparently intended as a temporary disciplinary measure for bhikkhus who had inconvenienced King Bimbisāra when he wanted to bathe in the hot spring near Rājagaha. When the Buddha later added exemptions to the rule, he so relaxed it that he virtually rescinded it. In addition, Mv.V.13 explicitly rescinds the rule in all parts of the world outside of the central Ganges Valley.	虽然《波逸提》五七禁止比丘沐浴间隔少于半个月，但我们在讨论该戒条时指出，它显然是针对那些妨碍频毘娑罗王想在王舍城附近温泉沐浴的比丘而采取的临时惩戒措施。后来佛陀对该戒条增加了例外情况，他放宽了戒条的程度，实际上就等于废除了它。此外，《大品》.五.13明确规定，除恒河中游地区外，世界各地均不适用此戒条。
In the time of the Buddha, bathing was done in a river, a bathing tank, a sauna, or a showering place. Instead of soap, people used an unscented powder called chunam, which was kneaded with water into a dough-like paste. Bhikkhus are explicitly allowed to use powdered dung, clay, or dye-dregs; according to the Commentary, ordinary chunam would come under “dye-dregs.” A bhikkhu with an itching rash, a small boil, or a running sore, or whose body smells bad (in the words of the Commentary, “with a body odor like that of a horse”) may use scented fragrant powders. At present, the Great Standards would allow soap under the allowance for clay, and scented soaps or deodorants under the allowance for scented powders for a bhikkhu with a strong body odor. Otherwise, the use of scents is listed among the bad habits prohibited by Cv.V.36 (see Chapter 10).	在佛陀时代，人们会在河中、浴池、桑拿[三温暖]或淋浴处沐浴。那时人们不用肥皂，而是使用一种名为「朱南」（chunam）的无气味粉末，加水揉搓成像面团状。比丘被明确允许使用粪便粉末、黏土或染料残渣；根据《义注》，普通的朱南就属于「染料残渣」的范畴。如果比丘身上有搔痒的皮疹、小疖子或流脓的伤口，或者体味难闻（用《义注》的话来说，「体味像马一样」），可以使用有香味的粉末。如今，《四大教示》在黏土的开缘之下允许肥皂，并且对于体味浓重的比丘，在有气味粉末的开缘之下允许有气味的肥皂或除臭剂。否则，使用有气味物被列入《小品》.五.36（参见第十章）所禁止的不良习惯之中。
The etiquette when bathing in a group is that a junior bhikkhu should not bathe in front of an elder bhikkhu or, if bathing in a river, upstream from him. If one is able and willing (and, of course, if the elder bhikkhus are amenable), one may look after the needs of elder bhikkhus while they are bathing. An example of this, given in the Commentary, is scrubbing them. When scrubbing another or oneself, one may use one’s hand or a rope or pad of cloth. Sponges, which apparently were not known in the time of the Buddha, would probably be included under pad of cloth.	集体沐浴的礼仪是，戒腊低的比丘不应在戒腊高的比丘面前沐浴，或者，如果是在河里沐浴，也不应在他的上游沐浴。如果力所能及且愿意（当然，前提是戒腊高的比丘也肯接受），可以在戒腊高的比丘沐浴时照顾他们的需要。《义注》中所给的这样的一个例子是为他们擦洗。无论是为他人或自己擦洗时，都可以用手、绳子或布垫。海绵在佛陀时代显然还不为人知，它可能被包括在布垫之下。
One is not allowed to rub one’s body with a wooden hand, a string of red powder beads—according to the Commentary, this means bathing powder mixed with powdered stone (cinnabar?) and formed into beads—or with a scrubber incised with a “dragon-teeth” pattern. A bhikkhu who is ill, however, may use an unincised scrubber. In the time of the Buddha, young men while bathing would rub their bodies against trees, against walls, against one another (this was called a “fully immersed massage”), or against rubbing posts (aṭṭhāna, which according to the Commentary, took their name from their being incised with a pattern like a chess board (aṭṭhapada)) in order to toughen their muscles. Bhikkhus are explicitly forbidden from rubbing their bodies in any of these ways. However, they are allowed to massage themselves and one another with their hands.	不允许用木手、一串红色粉末珠子（根据《义注》，这指的是将沐浴粉与石头粉（朱砂？）混合制成珠子）或雕刻有「龙牙」纹样的擦洗器来擦洗身体。但生病的比丘可以使用未被雕刻的擦洗器。在佛陀时代，年轻男子沐浴时会用身体摩擦树木、墙壁、彼此（这被称为「全身按摩」）或摩擦柱（aṭṭhāna，根据《义注》，因其雕刻有类似棋盘（aṭṭhapada）的图案而得名。）来强健肌肉。比丘被明确禁止以这些方式的任一种来擦洗身体。但是，他们被允许用手按摩自己和彼此按摩。
In another context—cleaning one’s feet before entering a dwelling—one is allowed to step on foot wipers made of stone, stone fragments, and pumice (“sea-foam stone”), so it would seem reasonable that the use of pumice or other stones to scrub off stubborn dirt while bathing would also be permitted.	在另一个情境——进入住所前清洁双脚——允许踩在由石头、碎石和浮石（「海泡石」）制成的擦脚器上，因此，在沐浴时也允许使用浮石或其他石头擦掉顽固污垢似乎是合理的。
When leaving the water after bathing, one should make way for those entering the water.	沐浴后离开水面时，应为要下水的人让路。
One is allowed to dry oneself with a water wiper—which the non-offense clauses for Pc 86 say may be made of ivory, horn, or wood—or with a piece of cloth.	允许用擦水物擦干身体——《波逸提》八六的不犯条款说，擦水物可以由象牙、角或木头制成——或者用一块布。

Care of the teeth

牙齿照料

Toothbrushes, dental floss, toothpaste, and tooth powders were unknown in the time of the Buddha. However, there is an allowance for tooth wood, which is the same thing as the tooth-cleaning stick discussed under Pc 40. The Buddha extolled the virtues of using tooth wood as follows: “There are five advantages in chewing tooth wood: It is good for the eyes, the mouth does not smell foul, the taste buds are cleaned, bile and phlegm do not coat one’s food, one enjoys one’s food.” At present, toothbrushes and dental floss would come under the allowance for tooth wood. Because tooth wood should not be less than four fingerbreadths long, many Communities extend this prohibition to include toothpicks less than four fingerbreadths as well. Toothpaste and tooth powder, because they are composed of mineral salts, would come under the allowance of salts for medicine.

佛陀时代，牙刷、牙线、牙膏和牙粉都不存在。然而，当时允许使用齿木，这与《波逸提》四十中讨论到的洁牙棒是相同的东西。佛陀曾赞扬使用齿木的功德如下：「咀嚼齿木有五大益处：有益于眼睛，口无异味，清洁味蕾，胆汁和痰液不会覆盖住食物，尽情享用食物。」如今，牙刷和牙线也属于齿木的开缘范畴。由于齿木的长度不应少于四指宽，许多僧团也将此禁令扩展至长度少于四指宽的牙签。牙膏和牙粉因为是由矿物盐组成，因此属于药物用盐的开缘范畴。

Hair of the head	头部的头发
The hair of the head should not be worn long. It should be shaved at least every two months or when the hair has grown to a length of two fingerbreadths—whichever occurs first, says the Commentary. In Thailand there is the custom that all bhikkhus shave their heads on the same day, the day before the full moon, so that the Community can present a uniform appearance. Although this is not obligatory, a bhikkhu who does not follow the custom tends to stand out from his fellows.	头发不宜留长。至少每两个月剃一次，或头发长到两指宽时剃——以先到者为准，《义注》中如此写道。在泰国，有习俗是所有比丘在同一天，即满月前一天剃头，以便僧团保持统一的形象。虽然这不是强制性的，但不遵守此习俗的比丘，往往会显得与众不同。
A razor is one of a bhikkhu’s eight basic requisites. He is also allowed a whetstone, a razor case, a piece of felt (to wrap the razor in), and all razor accessories (such as a strop). At present, this allowance would cover all types of safety razors as well. The Commentary to Pr 2 insists that the razor case not be multicolored.	剃刀是比丘八种基本必需品之一。此外，比丘还被允许拥有磨刀石、剃刀盒、毡布（用于包裹剃刀）以及所有剃刀配件（例如磨刀皮带）。目前，这项开缘也涵盖所有类型的安全剃刀。《波罗夷》二的《义注》强调，剃刀盒不得为彩色。

(未完待续)